Directional dependence of P- and S-wave propagation and polarization in foliated rocks from the Kola superdeep well: Evidence from laboratory measurements and calculations based on TOF neutron diffraction

We have measured P- and S-wave velocities on two amphibolite and two gneiss samples from the Kola superdeep borehole as a function of pressure (up to 600 MPa) and temperature (up to 600 °C). The velocity measurements include compressional (Vp) and shear wave velocities (Vs1, Vs2) propagating in three orthogonal directions which were in general not parallel to inherent rock symmetry axes or planes. The measurements are accompanied by 3D-velocities calculations based on lattice preferred orientation (LPO) obtained by TOF (Time Of Flight) neutron diffraction analysis which allows the investigation of bulk volumes up to several cubic centimetres due to the high penetration depth of neutrons. The LPO-based numerical velocity calculations give important information on the different contribution of the various rock-forming minerals to bulk elastic anisotropy and on the relations of seismic anisotropy, shear wave splitting, and shear wave polarization to the structural reference frame (foliation and lineation). Comparison with measured velocities obtained for the three propagation directions that were not in accordance with the structural frame of the rocks (foliation and lineation) demonstrate that for shear waves propagating through anisotropic rocks the vibration directions are as important as the propagation directions. The study demonstrates that proper measurement of shear wave splitting by means of two orthogonal polarized sending and receiving shear wave transducers is only possible when their propagation and polarization directions are parallel and normal to foliation and lineation, respectively.     

岩石侵蚀速率测算方法研究综述及展望

讨论了目前应用比较广泛的几种测算岩石侵蚀速率的方法,将目前岩石侵蚀速率测算方法分为2类:一类为质量测算法,包括公式计算法、流域水化学监测法、样品称重法;另一类为几何测算法,包括微侵蚀测量仪法、对比计算法和宇宙成因核素法.探讨了各方法的测算原理、优缺点及其适用领域,质量测算法中的公式计算法和流域水化学监测法比较适用于大面积的国土监测工作;样品称重法和3类几何测算法适用于尺度较小的地学研究和文物保护、工程技术等应用领域.最后,总结了岩石侵蚀速率研究者和案例地的地理分布规律,并对岩石侵蚀速率测算研究进行了展望.     

A New Tethered Balloon-Borne Payload for Fine-Scale Observations in the Cloudy Boundary Layer

A new scientific payload is introduced for fine-scale measurements of meteorological (wind vector, static air temperature, humidity, and air pressure) and microphysical (aerosol particles and cloud droplets) properties, suspended below a tethered balloon. The high resolution sensors and the tethered balloon are described. Measurements in a lifted fog layer from a first field campaign are presented.The detailed investigation of the fog/haze and the temperature inversion layer demonstrates the damping influence of the fog on temperature fluctuations, while thewind fluctuations are significantly decreased by theevolving temperature inversion, whichwas about 30 m above the fog layer.From spectral analysis the noise floors of the high-resolution sensors are determined to10^-6 kg m^-3 for the LWC (liquid water content) and 4 mK for the fast temperature sensor (UFT-B). The correlation betweentemperature and LWC structures in shallow haze layers is investigated. The release of latent heat and the corresponding warming in the haze of about 0.1 K could be quantified.     

Turbulent fluxes from Helipod flights above quasi-homogeneous patches within the LITFASS area

Turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat were measured with the helicopter-borne turbulence probe Helipod over a heterogeneous landscape around the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg during the STINHO-2 and LITFASS-2003 field experiments. Besides the determination of area-averaged heat fluxes, the analysis focused on different aspects of the response of the turbulent structure of the convective boundary layer (CBL) on the surface heterogeneity. A special flight pattern was designed to study flux profiles both over quasi-homogeneous sub-areas of the study region (representing the major land use types—forest, farmland, water) and over a typical mixture of the different surfaces. Significant differences were found between the heat fluxes over the individual surfaces along flight legs at about 80 m above ground level, in agreement with large-aperture scintillometer measurements. This flux separation was still present during some flights at levels near the middle of the CBL. Different scales for the blending height and horizontal heterogeneity were calculated, but none of them could be identified as a reliable indicator of the mixing state of the lower CBL. With the exception of the flights over water, the latent heat flux measurements generally showed a larger statistical error when compared with the sensible heat flux. Correlation coefficients a nd integral length scales were used to characterise the interplay between the vertical transport of sensible and latent heat, which was found to vary between ‘fairly correlated’ and ‘decoupled’, also depending on the soil moisture conditions.     

In situ measurements of contributions to the global electrical circuit by a thunderstorm in southeastern Brazil

The global electrical circuit, which maintains a potential of about 280 kV between the earth and the ionosphere, is thought to be driven mainly by thunderstorms and lightning. However, very few in situ measurements of electrical current above thunderstorms have been successfully obtained. In this paper, we present dc to very low frequency electric fields and atmospheric conductivity measured in the stratosphere (30–35 km altitude) above an active thunderstorm in southeastern Brazil. From these measurements, we estimate the mean quasi-static conduction current during the storm period to be 2.5 ± 1.25 A. Additionally, we examine the transient conduction currents following a large positive cloud-to-ground (+ CG) lightning flash and typical − CG flashes. We find that the majority of the total current is attributed to the quasi-static thundercloud charge, rather than lightning, which supports the classical Wilson model for the global electrical circuit.     

Investigating the Halogen Chemistry From High-Latitude Nighttime Stratospheric Measurements of OClO and NO2

Two cases of simultaneous nighttime measurements of NO₂ and OClO in the winter polar stratosphere are analyzed in order to test our present knowledge of halogen chemistry in the presence of high amount of NO₂ at low temperature. Comparisons with Lagrangian model calculations using several hypotheses are performed. First simulations, using the admitted constant rates of chemical reaction, strongly underestimate the measured OClO while the NO₂ profiles are correctly reproduced. If uncertainties in actinic fluxes calculations are taken into account, simulation results do not show a significant reduction of the underestimation. A better agreement can be achieved if the formation of unstable isomers of ClONO₂ and of BrONO₂ occurs in the cold conditions of the polar stratosphere. An approximate value of the branching ratios of the channels leading to ClONO₂ and ClOONO, and to BrONO₂ and BrOONO, necessary to reproduce both OClO and NO₂ is given and discussed.     

High‐resolution seismic monitoring of instrumented buildings using a model‐based state observer

This paper proposes a model‐based state observer to perform high‐definition response estimation in partially instrumented building structures. The proposed estimator is verified in a simulated five‐story shear‐building structure and validated using measurements from a seven‐story reinforced concrete building slice tested at the NEES‐University of California at San Diego shake table. In both cases the proposed estimator yielded satisfactory results by estimating the time history of shear forces, bending moments, displacements, and strains at various points/sections of interest. The proposed algorithm can be used in instrumented buildings for various practical applications such as post‐earthquake damage assessment, structural control, and building code calibration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

远震剪切波分裂研究华南西南部上地幔各向异性特征

华南板块由扬子克拉通和华夏地块在新元古代碰撞拼合形成, 其西南部的缝合带位置存在强烈争议.本文基于一条南北向宽频带流动台阵天然地震数据, 利用SKS波分裂研究华南西南部上地幔各向异性特征的南北向变化.分裂测量结果显示, 26°N以南的右江盆地快波偏振方向为E-W或NEE-SWW方向, 分裂时差为0.5~2.5 s, 变化范围较大; 川东褶皱带存在较多空解, 快波偏振方向以近东西向为主, 分裂时差在0.5~1.5 s范围内变化; 在右江盆地北缘和川东褶皱带的过渡区域(约26°N附近)各向异性明显较弱.结合前人的上地幔速度成像结果, 我们认为川东褶皱带与右江盆地过渡带是扬子克拉通的南边界, 在其下方北侧的川东褶皱带巨厚的岩石圈向南转变成较薄的岩石圈, 陡变的岩石圈边界引起了软流圈上涌, 软流圈的垂向运动导致其水平方位各向异性较弱.

     

长白山天池火山西南麓水压致裂法地应力测量及其实测数据在断裂稳定性分析中的应用

长白山天池火山是一座新生代多成因复合火山, 其活动性一直受到地学界的高度重视.而地应力测量数据对于了解火山的活动情况等具有重要意义, 但目前长白山天池火山地区实测地应力资料较少.为了更准确地了解长白山天池火山地区现今地应力状态及断裂稳定性, 在长白山天池火山西南麓MJZ测点0~300 m孔深开展了水压致裂法地应力测量.利用此次实测地应力数据, 本文首先分析了该地区地壳浅表层应力状态, 结果表明: ①测区以水平构造应力为主导, 应力值与其他地区相比, 相对较低; ②S_H(最大水平主应力)、S_h(最小水平主应力)和S_v(垂向主应力)均随深度增加而基本呈线性增大趋势; 在60~180 m深度, 三者展现为逆断层应力状态, 即S_H＞S_h＞S_v; 在180~300 m, 则表现为S_H＞S_v＞S_h, 该应力关系有利于走滑断层活动; ③钻孔上部S_H方向为N38°E, 与东北地区构造应力场方向基本一致.钻孔下部由于受区内NW向断裂和其他因素影响, 存在与区域主应力方向有偏差的局部应力场.其次, 基于实测应力数据, 应用库仑摩擦滑动准则, 并取摩擦系数为0.6和1.0, 初步评价了区域断裂的稳定性.结果显示, 研究区现今应力状态尚未达到断裂失稳滑动水平, 推测测区断裂目前相对稳定.结合其较低的应力积累水平, 一定程度上反映出长白山天池火山区目前没有明显活动, 地壳总体是稳定的.本文的研究结果可为长白山天池火山的活动性、地震地质等研究提供地应力方面的基础数据, 同时也为测区地质环境安全评价提供参考依据.

     

东构造结墨脱关键区域地应力场特征及其构造稳定性分析

为获取东构造结关键构造部位地应力特征、分析其构造稳定性,采用水压致裂法开展了墨脱断裂带西让段1个地应力孔、11个测试段的原位地应力测量工作。结果表明：61.43~121.34 m测试段最大、最小水平主应力值（SH、Sh）分别为3.05～14.50 MPa和2.16～9.87 MPa,垂向主应力值（Sv）为1.63~3.31 MPa,即SH>Sh>Sv;测点处应力场以水平挤压作用为主,均处于逆断层应力状态,且其主应力值随深度增加而逐渐增大,测点的最大水平主应力优势方位为北东东向;在整个地应力测量深度范围内,侧压系数值（Kav）为1.39~4.38,最大水平应力系数值（KHv）均大于1,且比值随深度的增加而增大,该关键部位区域应力场以水平应力为主导,方向性较强,所有测试段水平应力系数值（KHh）为1.23~1.66,与林芝−通麦段地应力特征参数计算结果基本相似;测点位置98 m以浅地层水平构造应力作用程度较小,应力积累水平较低,保持断层稳定所需的摩擦系数值小于实际断层的临界摩擦系数值,构造环境相对稳定,超过98 m深度地层由于水平构造应力起主要作用,保持断层稳定所需的摩擦系数值接近于实际断层的临界摩擦系数值,存在小概率发生断层失稳滑动的风险;区域强震在墨脱断裂带断层面上造成的左旋走滑方向上及逆冲方向上的库仑应力变化值的叠加量均为负值,抑制了断层的滑动,未能增加墨脱关键区域断层活动的危险性。