土地利用变化对流域生态需水的影响分析

人类对流域生态系统的干预,导致季节性淹没区减少,天然湿地丧失,生态环境的恶化和生物多样性锐减,土地利用方式发生了剧烈变化。以流域整体性理论、物种多样性理论、物种耐性理论和景观生态学理论为基础,分析了土地利用方式对生态需水的影响。结果表明,河岸天然植被生态系统通过削减洪峰、增补枯水和截留污染物的作用,来影响流域的水量分配和水质改善,使流域受水分不足威胁的程度降低,即在更大的时间与空间尺度上,保证了流域对生态水的需求。因此,为了流域生态系统的可持续发展,应采取保护湿地、河溪森林植被、水陆交错带等合理的土地利用方式。     

额尔齐斯河流域及某稀有多金属矿废水铀、钍含量分布及其环境影响

运用简易、快捷、灵敏的ICP-MS法直接测定稀有多金属矿以及河水样品中的铀钍含量,并推算其与比放射性活度之间的定量关系,客观评价了某稀有多金属矿废水中的放射性水平以及额尔齐斯河流域的放射性污染现状。研究表明,某稀有多金属选矿废水铀含量可达78．311μg/L,钍含量达0．627μg/L。额尔齐斯河流域各支流河水铀、钍平均含量分别为0．584μg/L、0．025μg/L,其干流河水钍平均含量为0．019μg/L,而铀平均含量达2．234μg/L,远高于世界河水铀平均含量0．309μg/L。     

广西右江河谷2008年芒果低温寒害调查分析

通过对广西右江河谷四县(区)2008年低温期间气象要素资料、气候特点进行分析统计,结合芒果的生物学特性、物候发育期及农业气象灾害指标,探讨此次低温寒害天气对右江河谷芒果生产的影响,并提出相应的生产防御对策,以达到趋利避害.     

Push moraines in the upper valley of Santa Cruz river,southwest Argentina. Structural analysis and relationship with Late Pleistocene paleoclimate

The upper cliff of the Santa Cruz River was used to assess the proglacial environments of the Argentino Glacier outlet of Late Pleistocene age. These cliffs show glaciolacustrine, fluvioglacial and till deposits, where only the first one are deformed. Glacial landforms in the area and these structures suggest that the ice mass advanced, topographically controlled, towards the east from the Patagonian Ice Sheet pushing up the proglacial sediments.The spatial arrangement of thrusts and overturned folds, the drumlins-flutes moraine directions and the end moraines shape, allow inferring the dynamic and the Argentino glacier profile. Detailed analyses of the glaciotectonic structures indicate that these have two origins: load in the north with stress transfer to the southeast, and push from the west. Through the analysis of deformed sediments, their thickness and their sedimentary and structural features, three zones of deformations were recognized. Each of these zones was associated to glacial advances because of changes of the regional climate conditions.     

河流活性物质入海通量:概念与方法

河流水体中呈溶解态和悬浮物结合态的元素活动性强,具有生态环境意义,查明其入海通量是当前生态地球化学评价的重要任务。通过总结前人的相关研究成果,确定了影响河流水体悬浮物的浓度及其矿物、化学组成的主要因素。从沿海经济带区域生态地球化学评价的实际需要出发,拟定了开展中国主要入海河流水溶态和悬浮物结合态元素入海通量调查的基本框架。     

评定渗流管涌公式

根据工程实际问题，推导了在江河堤围、深基坑开挖和矿山法地铁开挖三种情况下的评定渗流管涌公式，并指出应根据不同情况选用不同的评定渗流管涌公式，及使用中必须考虑的问题。     

气候变化对黄河源区水资源的影响

利用气候模型结果和大尺度分布式水文模型评估黄河源区未来的水资源.根据IPCC DDC的13个系列的GCMs成果,结合黄河源区的实测气象资料,分析了该地区气候在未来100 a内的可能变化;建立了考虑融雪和冻土影响的分布式水文模型,经验证该模型能够适用于黄河源区.计算出了相应的径流情景,分析了黄河源区水量尤其是水资源特性(径流的年内、年际分布)的可能变化;对南水北调西线工程的需水量进行了简单评估.     

Pre-processing of data-driven river flow forecasting models by singular value decomposition (SVD) technique

ABSTRACT

An appropriate streamflow forecasting method is a prerequisite for implementation of efficient water resources management in the water-limited, arid regions that occupy much of Iran. In the current research, monthly streamflow forecasting was combined with three data-driven methods based on large input datasets involving 11 precipitation stations, a natural streamflow, and four climate indices through a long period. The major challenges of rainfall–runoff modelling are generally attributed to complex interacting processes, the large number of variables, and strong nonlinearity. The sensitivity of data-driven methods to the dimension of input/output datasets would be another challenge, so large datasets should be compressed into independently standardized principal components. In this study, three pre-processing techniques were applied: singular value decomposition (SVD) provided more efficient forecasts in comparison to principal component analysis (PCA) and average values of inputs in all networks. Among the data-driven methods, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) with 1-month lag-time outperformed radial basis and fuzzy-based networks. In general, an increase in monthly lag-time of streamflow forecasting resulted in a decline in forecasting accuracy. The results reveal that SVD was highly effective in pre-processing of data-driven evaluations.     

土壤及河流沉积物中Hg、As、Sb的同时测定

Hg、As、Sb是土壤和河流沉积物的常规测定项目。本文采用新型三通道原子荧光分析仪,建立了同时测定土壤和河流沉积物中这三种元素的新方法。通过优化仪器工作条件,选择合适的样品处置方法,得到Hg、As、Sb的检出限分别为0.03mg/kg、0.009mg/kg和0.03mg/kg,精密度分别为3.5%、7.8%和5.5%,准确度分别为95%～103%、91%～107%(加标回收率)和±6.4%。与现有测定方法相比,本方法的样品消化完全,实验简便,分析速度和准确度高,能充分满足分析要求。