高寒草甸土壤水分的影响因子及其空间变异研究

以黄河源区典型高寒草甸草地类型为对象,运用旋转主成分分析法对影响高寒草甸土壤水分的植被盖度、群落高度、土层根系深度、草地类型等9个环境因子进行了分析,将这些环境因子分为4个主成分因子依次为:立地与草地类型因子、植被因子、坡向风速因子和地形因子.同时,采用统计方法对于不同深度土壤水分进行了统计分析,揭示了土壤水分在整个土壤剖面上的空间变异可划分为:速变层(0~30 cm)、活跃层(40 cm)、次活跃层(50 cm)和相对稳定层(60 cm).     

黑河高山草甸冻土带水热传输过程

以黑河源区高山草甸冻土带的基本气象参数、植被参数和土壤水热性质参数为输入条件,利用CoupModel模型计算了试验点两个完整年度日尺度上的各种基本水热状况,计算结果较符合实测值(7层地温和土壤液态含水量平均R2分别为0.95和0.83).利用模型输出的土壤热通量和土壤水迁移分析了试验点季节性冻土区的水热传输过程:在土壤层开始冻结期,下层土壤液态水向冻结锋面集结,集结期向上的地热通量急剧增加;在冻结期,土壤热传导主要与上下层的土壤温度有关,土壤水迁移基本处于零通量状态;在融化期,在融化锋面未出现液态水分集结现象,融化层土壤水热传输过程迅速改变并与非冻结土壤一致,向下的地热通量急剧增加.     

祁连山疏勒河上游高寒草甸CO2通量变化特征

采用涡动相关法对疏勒河上游高寒草甸生态系统2009年CO2通量进行连续观测.结果表明:疏勒河上游高寒草甸CO2通量呈明显的日和月变化特征.生长季CO2通量具有明显的日变化过程,其中吸收峰值从5月的10:00时逐步推后到7月的12:00左右,CO2通量排放峰值则出现在21:00-22:00.其中,最大吸收和排放速率均出现...     

临泽边缘绿洲区盐化草甸开垦后土壤质量演变

 以黑河中游临泽边缘绿洲区为分析样区,研究了绿洲盐化草甸开垦后,不同开垦年限土壤的物理化学性状特征。结果表明,盐化草甸土壤中的黏粒从开垦前的9.18％增加到开垦30 a后的12.93％;除速效钾从开垦前的1315.50 mg·kg-1降至开垦30 a后的240.84 mg·kg-1外,土壤养分含量均有不同程度的增加;由于采取了工程、生物及农业措施来治理盐渍化,土壤全盐量明显降低,从开垦前的70.28 g·kg-1减至开垦30 a后的2.00 g·kg-1,减小了97.15％。土壤理化性状随开垦年限的增加而逐步改善。     

生长旺盛期呼伦贝尔草甸草原生态系统呼吸与CH_4吸收通量的日变化研究

利用静态箱法于2011年结实期和2012年开花期与结实期分别对不同人类活动(自由放牧和刈割)影响下的呼伦贝尔草甸草原及相应的封育草原的CH4通量和植物土壤系统呼吸作用排放的CO2通量进行野外定位观测研究。结果表明:呼伦贝尔草甸草原(放牧和刈割及其对应的封育样地)均表现为CH4的汇,3个观测时期汇强的变化范围为:-23.98±6.40~-95.96±28.57μg Cm-2 h-1。呼伦贝尔草甸草原CH4通量的日变化对温度的响应较为复杂。不同时期呼伦贝尔草甸草原的植物土壤系统呼吸速率的日变化存在差异,水分和温度的共同影响造成2012年结实期日均CO2排放量低于2011年结实期。放牧对呼伦贝尔草甸草原CH4吸收通量的日变化模式的影响较小,但在2011年结实期和2012年开花期促进了CH4日均通量(促进幅度12.05%~93.35%),2012年结实期放牧降低了CH4日均通量(降低幅度23.32%~30.43%);刈割降低CH4吸收日均通量11.55%~60.62%。呼伦贝尔草甸草原日均累计碳排放量中CH4所占比例为0.35%~2.62%,而放牧和刈割行为对呼伦贝尔草甸草原的日均累计碳排放的影响结果在不同物候期以及不同植被群落类型均有不同。     

Unpalatable weed Stellera chamaejasme L. provides biotic refuge for neighboring species and conserves plant diversity in overgrazing alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau in China

Steller chamaejasme L. (S. chamaejasme for short) is one of the most noxious unpalatable weeds in China, which has been frequently reported its negative interaction (i.e. competition and allelopathy) with other herbaceous species in grasslands. This study compared species diversity, biomass and sexual reproduction of herbaceous plants in meadows with S. chamaejasme and in open meadows without S. chamaejasme in overgrazing meadows on the Tibetan Plateau in China to determine whether positive facilitation exist between S. chamaejasme and other herbaceous species under livestock’s overgrazing. The results showed that there are more herbaceous species in meadows with S. chamaejasme than those in open meadows (35s and 30s, respectively). Diversity index and above-ground biomass were also significantly higher in meadows with S. chamaejasme. There were 39% (11/28) of all species with sexual reproduction found in meadows with S. chamaejasme, which was 7 times more than those in open meadows. Our study showed that S. chamaejasme could provide biotic refuge for neighboring plants and preserve plant diversity from livestock’s overgrazing in alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau. It also suggested that inter-specific facilitation between S. chamaejasme and other herbaceous species may play a key role in overgrazing alpine meadows.     

Mesoscale spatial variability of soil‐water content in an alpine meadow on the northern Tibetan Plateau

Soil water is an important limiting factor for restoring alpine meadows on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Field studies of soil‐water content (SWC), however, are rare due to the harsh environment, especially in a mesoscale alpine‐meadow ecosystem. The objective of this study was to assess the spatial variability of SWC and the temporal variation of the spatial variability in a typical alpine meadow using a geostatistical approach. SWC was measured using a neutron probe to a depth of 50 cm at 113 locations on 22 sampling occasions in a 33.5‐hm² alpine meadow during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. Mean SWC in the study plot for the two growing seasons was 18.7, 14.0, 13.9, 14.3, and 14.8% for depths of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm, respectively, and SWC was significantly larger at 10 cm than at other depths. SWC was negatively correlated with its spatial variability, and the spatial variability was higher when SWC was lower. Thirty‐three sampling locations in this study plot met the requirement of accuracy of the central limit theorem. A Gaussian model was the best fit for SWC semivariance at depths of 10, 20, and 30 cm, and the spatial structural ratio was between 0.997 and 1, indicating a strong spatial dependence of SWC. The sill and range fluctuated temporally, and the nugget and spatial structural ratio did not generally vary with time. The sill was significantly positively correlated with SWC and was initially stable and then tend to increase with SWC. The nugget, range, and spatial structure ratio, however, were not correlated with SWC. These results contribute to our understanding of SWC spatial distribution and variation in alpine meadows and provide basic empirical SWC data for mesoscale model simulations, optimizing sampling strategies and managing meadows on the Tibetan Plateau.     

念青唐古拉山北麓草甸海拔分布上限土壤温湿度的季节变化

本研究基于西藏念青唐古拉山北麓高山嵩草草甸海拔分布上限(5125 m) 地下10 cm和30 cm土壤温度和水分连续3 年(2008-2010 年) 的监测数据, 分析了草甸海拔分布上限土壤温度和未冻水含量的季节动态特征。结果表明:1) 土壤在4 月中下旬解冻, 10 月中下旬冻结;6-8月份土壤温度日振幅最大, 10 cm和30 cm分别为3.8℃和1.4℃;2) 土壤未冻水含量回升(下降) 在解冻(冻结) 开始后, 5-10 月份未冻水含量较高, 其中10 cm和30 cm 分别为2%~6%和15%~20%;3) 基于10 cm土壤温度推算的本地区高山嵩草草甸海拔分布上限的生长季在6 月初至8 月末或9 月初, 持续时间为80-87 天, 生长季平均土壤温度和含水量分别为6.78±0.73℃和4.14±0.91%, 生长季期间日最低温度集中在3~7℃之间(占90%以上天数);4) 与较低海拔处(4980 m) 相比, 高山嵩草草甸海拔分布上限处10 cm土壤温度和未冻水含量均明显偏低, 生长季8月份出现日最低温< 5℃的天数也明显增加。     

青南退化高寒草甸植被土壤固碳潜力

青南与青北高寒草甸植被、 土壤、 气候类型相似, 地植被、 土壤碳密度可比性强. 研究表明, 青南高寒草甸植被退化严重, 植被和土壤碳密度随退化程度的加剧而降低, 轻度、 中度、 重度和极度退化植被碳密度分别为921.281、 809.998、 237.974 gC·m^-2和75.972 gC·m^-2, 0~40 cm土壤碳密度分别为16.760、 16.145、 14.360 gC·m^-2和12.945 kgC·m^-2. 在青北未退化草甸植被和0~40 cm层次土壤碳密度分别为1 149.327 gC·m^-2和20.305 kgC·m^-2. 相对青北高寒草甸植被类型而言, 青南高寒草甸轻度、 中度、 重度、 极度退化的植被固碳密度分别增加228.046、 339.329、 911.354 gC·m^-2和1073.355 gC·m^-2, 而对应0~40 cm层次土壤固碳密度可分别增加3.545、 4.160、 5.946 gC·m^-2和7.359 kgC·m^-2. 以青南当地未退化草地而言, 轻度、 中度、 重度和极度退化的高寒草甸0~20 cm层次土壤固碳密度可达1.694、 2.087、 3.537 kgC·m^-2和4.282 kgC·m^-2, 表现出较大的固碳潜力.