季节冻土区扩底单桩受力性能研究进展与展望

在深季节冻土区, 正冻土和桩相互作用时可能会导致桩基的拔断或整体冻拔破坏。在桩周土冻胀过程中, 等截面直桩主要通过桩和未冻区融土间的摩阻力达到锚固效果。而对于端部直径大于桩身直径的扩底桩来说, 当桩基有整体上拔的趋势时, 扩大头会受到上覆土层的阻力而起到锚固/抗冻拔作用。通过回顾国内外研究文献, 介绍了扩底抗拔桩现有的工程背景及应用情况, 并对季节冻土区桩基的受力性能进行了总结和分析, 主要内容包括： 土体冻胀和桩基的相互作用研究, 切向冻胀力试验研究和理论研究, 切向冻胀力作用下扩底桩基冻胀反力试验研究及理论研究, 切向冻胀力作用下未冻区桩-融土间摩阻力的研究概况等。最后, 结合现有的研究内容, 对季节冻土区扩底桩的应用及研究提出进一步的展望。     

海岛核电厂址的设计基准洪水位研究

随着滨海核电厂址的开发利用日趋饱和,选取海岛作为核电厂址成为一种新思路。针对海岛厂址易受台风灾害影响的问题,本文通过对天文高潮位、海平面上升、可能最大风暴潮增水和最大台风浪四个增水因子的研究来确定厂址的设计基准洪水位。结果表明:该区域10%超越概率的天文高潮位为3.14 m,未来80 a海平面上升幅度为0.31 m。基于MIKE21数值模型,以可能最大热带气旋参数为基础构建了多种假想台风路径,发现:当台风移动方向为NW向,距离厂址中心左侧0.5R(R为台风最大风速半径)时,风暴潮增水达到最大,增水最大值为2.99 m;当台风移动方向为W向,且距离厂址左侧R处时,台风浪波高达到最大,厂址前沿H_1/100波高最大值达到了8.02 m;岛屿东侧遭受的风暴潮和波浪威胁较其他方向更为严重。各水位影响因子组合叠加后海岛核电厂址设计基准洪水位可达11.25 m。相对于其他滨海厂址,海岛厂址的风暴潮增水相对偏小,但受波浪的影响更为显著。     

Pseudomonas sp.在杀菌剂耐受条件下对X70管线钢的腐蚀行为研究

本研究选用一株野生型Pseudomonas sp.为试验菌株,选用X70管线钢作为代表性金属材料,通过细菌生长曲线测定、腐蚀失重测量、扫描电镜（SEM）观察等方法,初步研究在杀菌剂四羟甲基硫酸磷（THPS）耐受条件下Pseudomonas sp.对X70管线钢腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,75 μL/L的THPS浓度在Pseudomonas sp.的耐受范围内,而且能够轻微促进X70试片表面的腐蚀;不添加THPS的含菌体系中Pseudomonas sp.能抑制X70试片表面的腐蚀;而在添加了75 μL/L THPS的含菌体系中,Pseudomonas sp.显著促进X70试片的腐蚀,并且试片表面附着的细菌数量相比于无杀菌剂的对照体系有所增加。因此,该研究表明在特定浓度范围内,与没有添加杀菌剂的含菌体系相比,杀菌剂THPS使Pseudomonas sp.从抑制腐蚀改变为促进腐蚀。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘风沙土土壤水分特征与毛管水最大上升高度

为确定古尔班通古特沙漠南缘地下水深埋区毛管上升水的最大上升高度,对划分固沙植物水分来源提供理论依据,于2016年3月~2018年11月,采用中子仪法对试验地0~10 m土层土壤含水量进行观测,分析沙丘不同坡位土壤含水量的季节变化情况,并利用最大分子持水量与土壤含水量曲线交会法确定试验地毛管水的最大上升高度。结果表明：沙丘不同坡位0~130 cm土层的土壤含水量受外界气象因素影响较大,随季节变化规律明显;130 cm土层以下至570~760 cm土层为土壤含水量较为稳定的干沙层;而570~760 cm以下土层的土壤含水量主要受地下水水位波动和毛管上升水的影响,其含水量变化上界可看作是毛管水的最大上升高度。试验地的最大分子持水量为0.026 1 cm³·cm^-3,且沙丘不同坡位毛管水的最大上升高度分布在250~290 cm之间。     

经济海藻羊栖菜（Sargassum fusiforme）幼体对镉胁迫的响应特性

镉(Cd)是水生生态环境中常见的重金属污染物,通常会抑制植物的生长,减少生物量,对植物产生毒害作用。为了研究羊栖菜幼苗对海水中Cd胁迫的抗氧化响应特性,我们在天然海水和Cd加富(100 μmol·L^-1)海水两种不同的Cd浓度下培养羊栖菜幼体。实验结果表明:Cd加富胁迫显著抑制了羊栖菜幼苗生长,使藻体颜色变暗。此外,高Cd处理显著降低了羊栖菜中的色素含量,生长速率,过氧化物酶(POD)活性,脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)含量和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性。相反,高Cd处理显著促进了藻体内的Cd元素积累、对Cd₂⁺吸收速率,并增加了其暗呼吸/净光合速率比值(R_d/P_n),抗坏血酸(Vc)含量,可溶性蛋白质(SP)含量,且还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)以及羊栖菜的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著增加,但对丙二醛(MDA)的影响不显著。虽然羊栖菜幼苗增加了其抗氧化活性并促进AsA-GSH循环,以产生H₂O₂并维持健康的新陈代谢,但高Cd胁迫显著限制了幼苗的光合作用,降低了其光合色素,抑制了其生长,并使其藻体颜色发生变化。海水中高浓度的Cd对羊栖菜幼苗具有毒性作用,并且极大地增加了这种海藻的食用风险。     

Negative differential resistance behaviour in N-doped crossed graphene nanoribbons

By using first-principles calculations and nonequilibrium Green's function technique, we study elastic transport properties of crossed graphene nanoribbons. The results show that the electronic transport properties of molecular junctions can be modulated by doped atoms. Negative differential resistance (NDR) behaviour can be observed in a certain bias region, when crossed graphene nanoribbons are doped with nitrogen atoms at the shoulder, but it cannot be observed for pristine crossed graphene nanoribbons at low biases. A mechanism for the negative differential resistance behaviour is suggested.     

An linear matrix inequality approach to global synchronisation of non-parameter perturbations of multi-delay Hopfield neural network

In this study, a successful linear matrix inequality approach is used to analyse a non-parameter perturbation of multi-delay Hopfield neural network by constructing an appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. This paper presents the comprehensive discussion of the approach and also extensive applications.     

Flow resistance in the Great Belt,the biggest strait between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

The Danish Straits are part of the transition area between the North Sea and the central Baltic Sea. More precisely, the Danish Straits connect Kattegat to the Arkona Basin and includes the relatively narrow and shallow sub-areas: Great Belt, Little Belt, Fehmarn Belt and Sound. The flow resistances in the straits are hydraulically determined by among other factors, the contractions, sills and stratification found in the straits. Close to the entrance to the Arkona Basin the Darss and Drogden Sills are located that trap inflowing dense water partially before it enters the central Baltic Sea. Hence, the resistances in the Danish Straits are of crucial importance for the stratification and ecosystems in the central Baltic Sea. The present work comprises calculations of flow resistance in the Great Belt based on measurements collected as part of the Great Belt Fixed Link investigations. The specific resistance in the Great Belt is determined to be an average of 41.2 × 10⁻¹² s² m⁻⁵, but it depends heavily on the interface position. When calculating long-term discharge time-series on the basis of the momentum equation it is advised to apply a seasonal varying resistance.     

In vitro simulation of oxic/suboxic diagenesis in an estuarine fluid mud subjected to redox oscillations

Estuarine turbidity maxima (ETMs) are sites of intense mineralisation of land-derived particulate organic matter (OM), which occurs under oxic/suboxic oscillating conditions owing to repetitive sedimentation and resuspension cycles at tidal and neap-spring time scales. To investigate the biogeochemical processes involved in OM mineralisation in ETMs, an experimental set up was developed to simulate in vitro oxic/anoxic oscillations in turbid waters and to follow the short timescale changes in oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and manganese concentration and speciation. We present here the results of a 27-day experiment (three oxic periods and two anoxic periods) with an estuarine fluid mud from the Gironde estuary. Time courses of chemical species throughout the experiment evidenced the occurrence of four distinct characteristic periods with very different properties. Steady oxic conditions were characterised by oxygen consumption rates between 10 and 40 μmol L⁻¹ h⁻¹, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) production of 9–12 μmol L⁻¹ h⁻¹, very low NH₄⁺ and Mn²⁺ concentrations, and constant NO₃⁻ production rates (0.4 - 0.7 μmol L⁻¹ h⁻¹) due to coupled ammonification and nitrification. The beginning of anoxic periods (24 h following oxic to anoxic switches) showed DIC production rates of 2.5–8.6 μmol L⁻¹ h⁻¹ and very fast NO₃⁻ consumption (5.6–6.3 μmol L⁻¹ h⁻¹) and NH₄⁺ production (1.4–1.5 μmol L⁻¹ h⁻¹). The latter rates were positively correlated to NO₃⁻ concentration and were apparently caused by the predominance of denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia. Steady anoxic periods were characterised by constant and low NO₃⁻ concentrations and DIC and NH₄⁺ productions of less than 1.3 and 0.1 μmol L⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively. Mn²⁺ and CH₄ were produced at constant rates (respectively 0.3 and 0.015 μmol L⁻¹ h⁻¹) throughout the whole anoxic periods and in the presence of nitrate. Finally, reoxidation periods (24–36 h following anoxic to oxic switches) showed rapid NH₄⁺ and Mn²⁺ decreases to zero (1.6 and 0.8–2 μmol L⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively) and very fast NO₃⁻ production (3 μmol L⁻¹ h⁻¹). This NO₃⁻ production, together with marked transient peaks of dissolved organic carbon a few hours after anoxic to oxic switches, suggested that particulate OM mineralisation was enhanced during these transient reoxidation periods. An analysis based on C and N mass balance suggested that redox oscillation on short time scales (day to week) enhanced OM mineralisation relative to both steady oxic and steady anoxic conditions, making ETMs efficient biogeochemical reactors for the mineralisation of refractory terrestrial OM at the land-sea interface.     

黄河三角洲潮滩孔压对循环振动荷载响应研究

为了研究黄河三角洲潮滩孔压对循环振动荷载的响应过程,在现场潮滩上利用循环振动荷载作用于海床,实时监测了振动过程中孔压的发展过程。研究结果表明:在每一轮振动过程中,超孔压并非是一直升高的,其发展过程主要可以分成3个阶段:首先是累积阶段,在此期间内超孔压迅速积累并达到一峰值,即"超孔压最大响应值";其次是过渡阶段,在此期间超孔压基本保持稳定;而后是消散阶段,即超孔压从最大响应值开始缓慢消散。在振动过程中,产生的最大超孔压是振动能量的指数函数,而且不同深度所产生的最大超孔压不同,存在一极值响应深度。在超孔压累积阶段,尽管不同深度超孔压的累积历程不同,但其累积形式具有一致性,即超孔压是以振动次数为自变量的二次函数,而且,超孔压的累积速率是线性降低的。