Influencing factors and significance of organic and inorganic nitrogen isotopic compositions in lacustrine sedimentary rocks

Comprehensive nitrogen biogeochemical cycle has been reconstructed for representative lacustrine organic-rich sedimentary rock in China, namely the Triassic Yanchang Formation (YF, 199–230 Ma) in Ordos and the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (QF, 86–92 Ma) in Songliao basins, by evaluating the organic and inorganic nitrogen isotopic compositions rather than only organic or bulk nitrogen isotopic compositions. The results indicate that the nitrogen isotope values of bulk rock (δ¹⁵N_bulk) in the non-metamorphic stage are significantly different from that of kerogen, which challenge the conceptual framework of sedimentary nitrogen isotope interpretation. The δ¹⁵N_bulk from the YF and QF were lower than their respective the nitrogen isotope values of kerogen (δ¹⁵N_ker), with offsets up to ～5.1‰, which have the inverse relationship for the metamorphosed rock. Thermal evolution did not significantly modify the δ¹⁵N of bulk rock and kerogen. The δ¹⁵N of sediments from the YF (δ¹⁵N_bulk, 1.6‰–5.6‰) were lower than that of rock from the QF (δ¹⁵N_bulk, 10.2‰–15.3‰). The nitrogen isotope values of silicate incorporated nitrogen (δ¹⁵N_sil) were slightly lower than those of the δ¹⁵N_ker in the YF and obviously lower for the QF. The fact that different nitrogen cycles occur in the YF and QF due to the different depositional redox conditions leads to different isotopic results. The YF water environment dominated by oxic conditions is not conducive to the occurrence of denitrification and anammox, and no abundant N₂ loss leads to the relatively light δ¹⁵N_bulk. In the stratified water for the QF, redox transition zone promotes denitrification and anammox, resulting in the heavy δ¹⁵N_bulk of rock and promotes the DNRA, resulting in heavy δ¹⁵N_ker and low δ¹⁵N_sil.     

一种改进的阈值法提取SAR图像海面油污

对阈值的选取作了相关研究,提出了一种改进的阈值法提取SAR图像海面油膜。试验表明,改进方法在提取海面油膜的应用中具有一定的可行性。     

干旱草原地区起沙通量的初步研究

通过宽范围颗粒谱仪WPS以及20 m梯度塔获得的观测资料,计算了朱日和地区沙尘天气下的起沙通量、摩擦速度以及临界摩擦速度,得到以下结论：①起沙通量大小与沙尘天气的强度呈一定的相关关系,随着沙尘天气强度的增大,起沙通量大小也增大。3月26日与4月6日两次沙尘天气下,沙尘暴和扬沙天气的平均起沙通量分别为6.0亿kg·m-2·s-1和4.14亿kg·m-2·s-1。②朱日和地区地表摩擦速度一般都在<1 m·s-1的范围内,n取1或2时,起沙率与Un*线性相关最好。③计算得到了观测粒子段的临界摩擦速度值。临界摩擦速度U*t随着粒径的增加呈先减小后增大趋势。     

The Differentiation of Point Symbols using Selected Visual Variables in the Mobile Augmented Reality System

On the basis of initial studies devoted to a better understanding of how the public user (a pedestrian in the city) perceives cartographic symbols in the mobile augmented reality system, we present an attempt to determine the threshold values of differentiation for three visual variables. The variables of size, transparency, and focus were implemented into image point symbols representing five types of objects. The set of symbols was designed in accordance with the rules of cartographic design taking into consideration an analysis of 19 professional tourist works. The symbols were presented on the screen of a mobile device in a system imitating the augmented reality system against four different backgrounds: white, a wall, and two typical urban landscapes. The results of an internet survey conducted using a tablet at four locations in Poznan (Poland) allowed us to determine the following: threshold differentiation values for the analysed variables, indication of the dependence on the type of background displayed on the mobile device in augmented reality, and the advantage of using a combination of visual variables.     

RATES OF ORGANIC CARBON ACCUMULATION IN YOUNG MINERAL SOILS NEAR BURROUGHS GLACIER,GLACIER BAY,ALASKA

The functional relationship between organic carbon in surface mineral horizons of fine-grained soils and time of soil development is examined in a chronosequence of soils deglaciated within 40 years of sampling. Rates of carbon accumulation increased through time in the first 4 decades of pedogenesis. Little carbon accumulated in the first 10 years, but rapid accumulation occurred over the next 22 years as alders (Alnus crispa) began to colonize.

Several chronofunctions of carbon accumulation are derived for the Burroughs data. A second-order polynomial function provides a good model of carbon accumulation in the first four decades of pedogenesis that is stronger and more significant than conventional exponential and power function models. A data set extended to 1000 years based on earlier studies in the region, indicates that carbon accumulation rates in this proglacial environment can be expressed by a sigmoidal curve. Several conventional chronofunctions derived from the extended data are appropriate for various stages of pedogenesis, but none provides accurate approximations over the entire 1000 years of pedogenesis. [Key words: Glacier Bay, Alaska, soil, carbon, chronofunction.]     

WRF模式不同云微物理参数化方案及水平分辨率对降水预报效果的影响

利用WRF模式和GFS资料对一次大尺度天气系统作用下的暴雨过程进行了回报,分析了WRF模式不同降水方案和3种不同的水平分辨率（45km,15km和5km）对降水预报效果的影响。结果表明：①对于大尺度强迫作用较强的暴雨,尤其是层状云降水为主的暴雨,云微物理过程方案对降水的影响远大于积云参数化方案对降水的影响。②WRF模式不同的微物理过程方案对各等级降水量的预报效果差别较大。其中Kessler方案的TS评分明显随降水量级的增加而减小,其他6个方案的TS评分都呈现＂两头大,中间小＂的特点,即小雨和暴雨的TS评分较高,而中雨和大雨的TS评分较低。③对于小雨量级的降水,Lin方案的预报效果最好;对于中雨和大雨量级的降水,WSM 3方案的预报效果最好;对于暴雨量级的降水,WSM 5方案的预报效果最好;整体预报效果最好的是WSM 3方案,其次是WSM 5方案,Kessler方案最差。④WRF模式的降水预报效果并不总是随水平分辨率的提高而提高。模式水平分辨率的提高存在明显的阈值（15km左右）,当模式的水平分辨率提高到超过这一阈值以后,预报效果开始转差。     

Analysing the relation between rainfall characteristics and lahar activity at Mount Pinatubo,Philippines

The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 altered the conditions of the surrounding river catchments. Pyroclastic flows and tephra fall were deposited over extensive areas, stripping off the forest cover and burying drainage divides. These recent deposits are very loosely consolidated and generally consist of sand‐sized particles, which commonly mobilize into lahars in response to rainfall of a certain magnitude. Several devastating lahar occurrences have buried settlements covering tens to several hundred square kilometres in a single event. Correlation of storm rainfall intensities and durations with lahar activity as recorded by acoustic flow monitors is used to investigate trends in the initiation conditions for lahar activity. This research confirms that the relationships of rainfall intensity and duration with lahar initiation threshold values are not linear but rather approximate a power relation. Different relations were found for lahar initiation in different years, from 1991 to 1997, as a result of the dynamic changes in hydrologic and geomorphic conditions of the affected catchments. Data from acoustic flow monitors are used to distinguish debris flow and hyperconcentrated flow activity from that of muddy water. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国海洋经济高质量发展评价与影响因素研究

科学评价海洋经济高质量发展水平是准确把握新时代背景下海洋经济高质量发展的关键环节。基于面板、门槛、贝叶斯等多指标评价模型,考虑指标时效性研究与内在逻辑联系,以海洋经济高质量发展的前提-路径-目的为分析框架,评价2007—2017年中国沿海11省市海洋经济高质量发展水平和区域差异,分析其影响因素及优化路径选择等。结果表明：① 通过指数测算和综合分析,沿海11省市海洋经济高质量发展情况差异较大。从高质量发展前提来看,各省市发展稳定,基础水平呈明显的3个梯队;从高质量发展路径来看,各省市差异较大,上海优势明显,天津与广东有一定的优势,广西、海南需要注重实力与稳定性的共同提升,其他省市发展需要注重稳定性;从高质量发展目的来看,各省市发展较不稳定,实现结果差异小,没有明显的梯队形成,但广东省与浙江省有显著的提升趋势。② 海洋经济创新驱动对实现海洋经济高质量发展目的呈“V”字型影响,目前创新驱动对中国海洋经济高质量发展影响程度最大,潜力较大。③ 海洋经济发展结构优化对实现海洋经济高质量发展目的呈“U”字型影响,目前结构优势红利尚不明显,需推进结构优化向下一个门槛跨越。④ 海洋经济发展效率提升对实现海洋经济高质量发展目的具有正向的显著影响,其发展基础好,潜力最大。⑤ 海洋经济市场环境优化对实现海洋经济高质量发展目的呈现先增加后减少的正向影响趋势,目前红利不明显,需推进市场环境优化向第三门槛跨越。