The effects of rock fragments on hydrologic and hydraulic responses along a slope

A model describing the three‐dimensional matrix flow along a slope with rock fragments or impermeable blocks was developed. The model was combined with modified Picard's iteration to ensure mass conservation in the unsaturated flow. We found that rock fragments obstruct water flow along the slope. The groundwater table must be raised to provide a sufficient pore water pressure gradient to facilitate water flow, but higher pore water pressure may induce slope failure. We also conducted a bench‐scale laboratory flume experiment to examine the effects of impermeable blocks on downstream seepage flow. In addition, a numerical experiment was conducted to examine how different arrangements of impermeable blocks affect downstream seepage flow and pore water pressure. This research demonstrated that the hydraulic phenomena were affected when impermeable blocks were present, and pore water pressure increased as the position of impermeable blocks was lowered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河流域湿地景观时空演变格局分析

湿地景观的时空演变及其驱动因素研究是湿地生态恢复与保护的重要参考,本文利用1980—2015年7期黄河流域土地利用数据构建黄河流域湿地矢量数据集,基于景观格局指数对黄河流域湿地的时空演变特征进行定量和定性分析;采用转移矩阵对每两个时期湿地资源的转移类型和数量进行计算与分析。研究结果表明,①1980—2015年,黄河流域湿地率为3.5%,其中自然湿地率约为2.0%,即黄河流域的湿地类型以自然湿地为主。②斑块面积结果显示,黄河流域湿地总面积减少了312.74km²,表现为人工湿地增加,自然湿地减少;自然湿地中沼泽湿地呈增加状态,主要是在2005—2010年增加了979.22km²,滩地呈减少状态,减少了1218.19km²,主要发生在1990—1995年和2005—2010年。斑块密度结果显示,随着河渠和滩地受人为活动影响程度的加大,两者的斑块破碎化程度逐渐加大。最大斑块指数结果显示,水田是黄河流域的主导湿地类型,沼泽和湖泊是自然湿地中的主导湿地类型。③黄河流域湿地类型与非湿地之间转换是黄河流域景观转换的主要组成部分,其中沼泽与滩地是面积发生变化的主要湿地类型。     

基于罗德里格矩阵的三维坐标转换方法

采用罗德里格矩阵公式,在不考虑尺度因子的情况下,建立了基于罗德里格矩阵的六参数坐标转换模型,推导了高精度参数初值计算方法,最小二乘迭代法平差公式。通过实测数据验证,通过实测数据计算,表明该算法具有精度高、稳定性强、适用性广等优点。     

基于安全熵的边坡稳定性分析

熵的概念源于热力学,是一种多目标决策的有效方法,是系统不确定性的一个度量。熵已经广泛应用于众多学科,但是应用于地质学,尤其是用来进行边坡稳定性评价的实例却很少。作者基于关系矩阵及信息熵概念提出的边坡安全熵稳定性评价方法,有效地结合了关系矩阵对各种影响边坡稳定性因素的敏感性及信息熵对边坡紊乱度的量化优点,综合考虑边坡地质、环境及工程因素的基础上,对边坡的稳定性状态作出客观的评价。经在龙滩水电站左岸边坡工程稳定性评价中应用,并与解析计算分析及地质资料分析结果对比,具有很好的相应性。     

GGR Biennial Review: Atomic Absorption,Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry,Neutron Activation Analysis and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Review for 2008–2009

This review describes developments major and in trace element determination using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry that were reported in 2008 and 2009. Publication levels were comparable to those of previous years, except for XRF which showed an increase in the number of articles published in the past 2 years. In terms of number of publications and impact, the most active field was AAS, while INAA was the least active. As expected for well-established and mature methods, novel developments for all four analytical techniques were relatively sparse. For AAS, the most notable publications concerned developments in sample introduction, particularly focussing on solid samples, increasing analyte sensitivity, and higher sample throughput. For ICP-AES, publication of developments in sample introduction, remediation of matrix effects and calibration continues. Compared with past years, there was a clear focus on sample preconcentration methods, but very few publications reporting new hyphenated speciation methods. For INAA, there were several publications exploring the accuracy and robustness of the method, as well as the requirements for INAA to meet criteria for a primary method of measurement. Two other related techniques, delayed neutron activation analysis, and prompt gamma activation analysis, were also described. Hyphenated XRF techniques showed interesting developments in enabling XRF and XRD analysis on the same spot, and further work characterising and calibrating three-dimensional micro-XRF shows promising results for investigating sample heterogeneity.     

秋季胶州湾有色溶解有机物荧光特性研究及其来源分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)-平行因子分析(PARAFAC)技术研究了秋季胶州湾有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的荧光成分组成、分布特征及来源。PARAFAC模型解析出胶州湾CDOM由2类5个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质成分C1(355nm/430nm)、C2(320nm/390nm)、C3(380nm/465nm)、C4(420(330)nm/505nm)及类蛋白质成分C5(280/325nm)。类腐殖质成分C1、C2、C3和C4的平面分布模式基本一致,呈现由近岸海域向湾中心海域逐渐减小的趋势,而类蛋白质成分C5则是由湾东北部近岸海域向西南部海域呈逐渐减小的趋势。分析表明,秋季胶州湾CDOM类腐殖质成分C1、C2、C3和C4的主要来源为陆源输入,而类蛋白质成分C5主要受城市排污的影响。系统聚类分析表明,以团岛南端和红岛西侧连线为界,所有采样站位被分为两类,分界线西部区域站位CDOM各荧光成分相对含量分别为C1:31.8%~35.5%,C2:30.3%~33.7%,C3:17.1%~20.2%,C4:4.5%~5.2%,C5:9.6%~12.5%;分界线东部区域站位CDOM各荧光成分相对含量分别为C1:30.6%~34.6%,C2:28.8%~32.7%,C3:17.0%~19.1%,C4:3.3%~4.8%,C5:12.1%~18.2%。西部区域CDOM具有较高的C4含量和较低的C5含量,大沽河等河流的陆源输入特征明显,而东部区域CDOM则具有较高的C5含量和较低的C4含量,反映该区域受城市排污影响显著。另外,秋季胶州湾CDOM的HIX范围为1.8~3.2之间,较小的腐殖化因子值反映了秋季胶州湾CDOM的腐殖化程度高较低,在环境中存在时间较短。     

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江苏沿海滩涂利用模式遥感影像解译和时空变化分析

为了弄清江苏沿海滩涂利用模式分布情况,定量分析其时空变化趋势,本文基于Google Earth Engine云计算平台和Landsat卫星遥感影像数据,结合随机森林分类方法,通过机器学习建立了滩涂利用模式自动识别分类方法,样本训练后识别准确率达93％以上.利用该方法提取了2002年、2014年和2019年江苏沿海的土地...     

合浦珠母贝贝壳珍珠层EDTA可溶性基质蛋白对无定形碳酸钙稳定性的影响

通过红外光谱、扫描电镜、能谱等方法探讨了合浦珠母贝贝壳珍珠层EDTA可溶性基质蛋白(ESM)对无定形碳酸钙(ACC)晶型转化的影响。试验结果显示,合浦珠母贝贝壳珍珠层ESM在镁离子存在的条件下能够显著抑制ACC的转化,并减少最终诱导形成的方解石中的镁离子含量。同时,珍珠层ESM具有调节方解石晶体晶貌的作用。