Endemic new cyclostome bryozoans from Spirits Bay,a New Zealand marine‐biodiversity “hotspot”

Two notable species of erect cyclostome bryozoans from a nearshore benthic fauna off Spirits Bay, northernmost New Zealand, are described here for the first time. The first, Spiritopora perplexa gen. et sp. nov., is an endemic cerioporine‐grade genus which is abundant in this area. Colonies are characterised by an unusual combination of fixed‐and free‐walled skeletal morphologies: autozooids forming the extensive encrusting colony bases are normally fixed‐walled, whereas those forming the short, bifoliate erect branches are usually free‐walled. The highly distinctive morphology of S. perplexa, very different from any other fossil or Recent cyclostome, together with its success in overgrowing competitors for space, makes its restricted geographical distribution puzzling and highlights the importance of conservation in this area now closed to trawling, Danish seining, and commercial scallop dredging. The second species, Calvetia osheai sp. nov., is less common, and has small, tree‐like colonies. It is the third species assigned to this distinctive cancellate genus, previously known only from Recent of Tierra del Fuego and the Eocene of Antarctica.     

一种顾及上下文的高光谱遥感图像端元提取方法

端元提取技术是混合像元分解中重要的步骤之一,传统的端元提取方法仅考虑了像元的光谱信息。本文将数学形态学算子扩展到高光谱空间,并应用到端元提取技术中,可以顾及像元的上下文信息。利用AVIRIS高光谱仿真数据对算法进行了实验验证,结果表明本文算法具有较强的抗噪能力和较高的可靠性。在此基础上,结合徐州地区的EO-1 Hyperion高光谱遥感图像,使用本文算法进行了端元提取应用研究,将实验结果与纯净像元指数、顶点成分分析方法做了对比分析和精度评价,证明本文算法是一种可靠的高光谱遥感图像端元提取技术。     

机场净空GIS快速评定方法研究

本文通过对机场净空规格进行分析,建立了机场净空区障碍物限制面的数学模型。在此数学模型的基础上使用ArcGIS、AutoCAD软件建立净空限制面三角网高程模型,并进行三维显示以及净空评定,为使用地理信息系统进行净空管理创造条件。     

一种高分辨率遥感影像的数学形态学滤波算法

应用数学形态学理论,结合高空间分辨率遥感影像的特点,选择包含全部方向的结构元素,设计一种基于全方位结构元素的加权多级滤波算法,用于高空间分辨率遥感影像的处理。算法中使用峰值信噪比方法自适应地确定各个方向结构元素的权重。实验结果表明：与结构元素尺度形状单一的形态学滤波算法相比,全方位结构元素的加权多级滤波算法在噪声抑制和细节保持上均有较好的性能,峰值信噪比有了更大的提高,而且更适合于对高空间分辨率遥感影像的噪声去除。     

自1:10000比例尺DEM提取地形起伏度--以陕北黄土高原的实验为例

地形的起伏是反映地形起伏的宏观地形因子,是比较适合区域水土流失评价的地形指标,在区域性研究中,利用DEM数据提取地形起伏度能够快速、直观的反映地形的起伏特征。1∶10000比例尺DEM具有越来越广泛、重要的应用,系统探讨基于其提取地形起伏度的方法具有重要的理论和实践意义。本研究以陕北黄土高原不同地貌区的DEM数据为实验数据,依据地貌发育的基本理论,GIS的窗口递增分析方法结合自然地理单元———小流域划分方法,通过对比分析,确定不同地貌区的地形起伏度。通过对实验结果的对比分析证明,该方法是一种比较通用、有效的方法。     

Suspended sediment dynamics and morphodynamics in the Yellow River, China

The Yellow River in China carries large amounts of sediments in suspension at concentrations up to several hundreds of kilograms per cubic metre; the sediment is composed mainly of silt. These high sediment concentrations influence the hydrodynamics (flow velocity and turbulence) which, in turn, determine the sediment concentration profile, whereas both the high sediment concentrations and pseudo-cohesive properties of silt determine the morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The effect of sediment on the hydrodynamics is analysed using the Richardson number and the Reynolds number to provide a framework to differentiate between various flow regimes in the Yellow River, which is calibrated and validated with Yellow River data. The flow may be sub-saturated (stable flow), super-saturated (unstable flow characterized by high deposition rates, caused by collapse of turbulence), or hyperconcentrated sub-saturated (stable flow because of hindered settling effects), depending on the Richardson number. Independent of this, the flow may be turbulent, transitional or laminar, depending on the Reynolds number. Analysis of these flow types improves understanding of the flow regimes and morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The morphodynamics of the Yellow River are also affected by pseudo-cohesive behaviour caused by shear dilatance, which results in increasing critical shear stress for erosion at decreasing grain-size. This pseudo-cohesive behaviour may be partly responsible not only for the high deposition rates which characterize the lower Yellow River, but also for mass erosion during river floods.     

Karst morphology and groundwater vulnerability of high alpine karst plateaus

High alpine karst plateaus are recharge areas for major drinking water resources in the Alps and many other regions. Well-established methods for the vulnerability mapping of groundwater to contamination have not been applied to such areas yet. The paper characterises this karst type and shows that two common vulnerability assessment methods (COP and PI) classify most of the areas with high vulnerability classes. In the test site on the Hochschwab plateau (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria), overlying layers are mostly absent, not protective or even enhance point recharge, where they have aquiclude character. The COP method classifies 82% of the area as highly or extremely vulnerable. The resulting maps are reasonable, but do not differentiate vulnerabilities to the extent that the results can be used for protective measures. An extension for the upper end of the vulnerability scale is presented that allows identifying ultra vulnerable areas. The proposed enhancement of the conventional approach points out that infiltration conditions are of key importance for vulnerability. The method accounts for karst genetical and hydrologic processes using qualitative and quantitative properties of karst depressions and sinking streams including parameters calculated from digital elevations models. The method is tested on the Hochschwab plateau where 1.7% of the area is delineated as ultra vulnerable. This differentiation could not be reached by the COP and PI methods. The resulting vulnerability map highlights spots of maximum vulnerability and the combination with a hazard map enables protective measures for a manageable area and number of sites.     

Links among Slope Morphology, Canyon Types and Tectonics on Passive and Active Margins in the Northernmost South China Sea

We examine slope profile types and variations in slope gradient and slope relief with depth for both passive and active margins in the northern most South China Sea.The passive South China margin is characterized by an exponential slope profile,mainly assodated with clustered slope-confined canyons.The active Taiwan margin shows a linear-like shape with great variations along the lower slope.Fewer eanyom occur on the Taiwau margin,and hence the influence of canyon incision on slope morphology is relatively less significant.Quantitative analyses of slope curvature,slope gradleut and square root of relief variance are useful statistical parameters to explain characteristics and variability of morphology of the slope of the South China margin,but not for the Kaoping slope on the Talwan side.On the active Taiwan margin,tectonic activities are dominant over sediment deposition and surface erosion,producing a slope profile quite different from those of passive margins of the Middle Atlantic,KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa where failure on slope and accompanying canyon incision are the dominant processes shaping the slope morphology.     

模糊数学评判山东省枣庄地质灾害现状与发展趋势

枣庄市是山东省地质环境脆弱、地质灾害多发地区之一,近十几年来,采空塌陷、岩溶塌陷、崩塌、地裂缝等灾害频繁发生,人们的生存环境进一步恶化,成为经济社会进一步发展的主要制约因素之一。论文根据多年的研究成果,通过选取评判指标建立模糊数学评判模型对枣庄市地质灾害现状及发展趋势进行评判,并以地质灾害发育涉及的区域按照地质灾害类型及主要地质灾害发育程度进行评判分区。评判指标选取基本符合枣庄地质灾害现状实际,所建立的评判模型能够反映枣庄市地质灾害现状及发展趋势。     

利用1stOpt软件优化设计重力式挡土墙断面

为解决挡土墙设计指标计算较为繁琐,并且难以得出最佳结果的问题,以重力式档土墙的截面面积最小为目标函数,并以满足稳定性及地基承载力验算要求为约束条件,得到非线性优化数学模型,并利用优秀国产数学软件1stopt优化求解。该方法避免了繁琐的试算过程,能得到经济合理的截面尺寸,并已成功应用在忠-武输气管线沿途水工保护工程中。