Equivalent series system to model a multiple friction pendulum system with numerous sliding interfaces for seismic analyses

Current structural analysis software programs offer few if any applicable device-specifi c hysteresis rules or nonlinear elements to simulate the precise mechanical behavior of a multiple friction pendulum system(MFPS) with numerous sliding interfaces.Based on the concept of subsystems,an equivalent series system that adopts existing nonlinear elements with parameters systematically calculated and mathematically proven through rigorous derivations is proposed.The aim is to simulate the characteristics of sliding motions for an MFPS isolation system with numerous concave sliding interfaces without prior knowledge of detailed information on the mobilized forces at various sliding stages.An MFPS with numerous concave sliding interfaces and one articulated or rigid slider located between these interfaces is divided into two subsystems: the fi rst represents the concave sliding interfaces above the slider,and the second represents those below the slider.The equivalent series system for the entire system is then obtained by connecting those for each subsystem in series.The equivalent series system is validated by comparing numerical results for an MFPS with four sliding interfaces obtained from the proposed method with those from a previous study by Fenz and Constantinou.Furthermore,these numerical results demonstrate that an MFPS isolator with numerous concave sliding interfaces,which may have any number of sliding interfaces,is a good isolation device to protect structures from earthquake damage through appropriate designs with controllable mechanisms.     

爆炸余震波形持时和余震事件频度模型

封闭爆炸发生后常常产生大量的余震事件,本文对3次爆炸余震进行了分析和研究. 结果显示,余震波形持时很短, 70％以上的余震波形持时在2～7 s之间,持时频度衰减指数约为-1.6. 幂函数模型较好地描述了余震序列频度的整体变化特征, 爆炸后约两星期内,余震序列的频度衰减较快,衰减指数约为-1.0. 早期余震以群发式为主,后期余震以单发式为主. 对于同强度的爆炸, 因介质和地质构造的差异产生的余震数量相差几倍; 对于一次里氏震级为5.5级的爆炸,爆炸后约一个月内, 余震事件频度就接近了本底,此后仍有少量的余震发生.     

SELECTION OF SUITABLE METHODS FOR TERRAIN MODELLING FOR RIVER ENGINEERING

LINTRODUCTIONTerrainmodellingisatermtodescribetheprocessofrepresentingthesurfaceoftheEarth.Mathemahcally,theproblemcanbedescribedas;Givenasetofn(3sn相似文献   

High‐resolution topography and anthropogenic feature extraction: testing geomorphometric parameters in floodplains

In floodplains, anthropogenic features such as levees or road scarps, control and influence flows. An up‐to‐date and accurate digital data about these features are deeply needed for irrigation and flood mitigation purposes. Nowadays, LiDAR Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) covering large areas are available for public authorities, and there is a widespread interest in the application of such models for the automatic or semiautomatic recognition of features. The automatic recognition of levees and road scarps from these models can offer a quick and accurate method to improve topographic databases for large‐scale applications. In mountainous contexts, geomorphometric indicators derived from DTMs have been proven to be reliable for feasible applications, and the use of statistical operators as thresholds showed a high reliability to identify features. The goal of this research is to test if similar approaches can be feasible also in floodplains. Three different parameters are tested at different scales on LiDAR DTM. The boxplot is applied to identify an objective threshold for feature extraction, and a filtering procedure is proposed to improve the quality of the extractions. This analysis, in line with other works for different environments, underlined (1) how statistical parameters can offer an objective threshold to identify features with varying shapes, size and height; (2) that the effectiveness of topographic parameters to identify anthropogenic features is related to the dimension of the investigated areas. The analysis also showed that the shape of the investigated area has not much influence on the quality of the results. While the effectiveness of residual topography had already been proven, the proposed study underlined how the use of entropy can anyway provide good extractions, with an overall quality comparable to the one offered by residual topography, and with the only limitation that the extracted features are slightly wider than the investigated one. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ALTERATIONS OF RIVER MORPHOLOGY DUE TO VEGETATION ON SLOPES AND FLOOD PLAINS

LRESEarCHACTIVITIESCharaCtCriedcofunlinedalluvialriVersisthe~linteractionbettVeenwaterflowandmovableriVerbed.Sedimenttransport,bedresistanceandriVermorphologydecisivelydependontheflowconditionsandviceversathesefactorsgovernthehydraulicprocesses.EVenundersimplifiedconditions,e.g.inlaboratorytests,theseillteractionsareeXtremelycomplexandrelldsraliZationmakesengineeringproblemsevenmored~.TomaketheseprocessesmoreunderstandablecomprehensiVeresearchprojectswereconductedatseveralGermanuniv…     

Quantifying the Morphological Print of Bedload Transport

Bedload and river morphology interact in a strong feedback manner. Bedload conditions the development of river morphology along different space and time scales; however, by concentrating the flow in preferential paths, a given morphology controls bedload for a given discharge. As bedload is a non‐linear response of shear stress, local morphology is likely to have a strong impact on bedload prediction when the shear stress is averaged over the section, as is usually done. This was investigated by comparing bedload measured in different bed morphologies (step‐pool, plane bed, riffle‐pool, braiding, and sand beds), with bedload measured in narrow flumes in the absence of any bed form, used here as a reference. The initial methodology consisted of fitting a bedload equation to the flume data. Secondly, the morphological signature of each river was studied as the distance to this referent equation. It was concluded that each morphology affects bedload in a different way. For a given average grain shear stress, the larger the river, the larger the deviation from the flume transport. Narrow streams are those morphologies that behave more like flumes; this is particularly true with flat beds, whereas results deviate from flumes to a greater extent in step‐pools. The riffle‐pool's morphology impacts bedload at different levels depending on the degree of bar development, considered here through the ratio D₈₄/D₅₀ which is used as a proxy for the local bed patchiness and morphology. In braiding rivers morphological effects are important but difficult to assess because width is dependent on transport rate. Bed morphology was found to have negligible effects in sand bed rivers where the Shields stress is usually sufficiently high to minimize the non‐linearity effects when hydraulics is averaged over the section. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Beach Morphodynamics influenced by an ebb‐tidal delta on the north Florida Atlantic coast

Tidal inlets interrupt longshore sediment transport, thereby exerting an influence on adjacent beach morphology. To investigate the details and spatial extent of an inlet's influence, we examine beach topographic change along a 1.5 km coastal reach adjacent to Matanzas Inlet, on the Florida Atlantic coast. Analyses of beach morphology reveal a behavioral change between 0.64 and 0.86 km from the inlet channel centerline, interpreted to represent the spatial extent of inlet influence. Beyond this boundary, the beach is narrow, exhibits a statistically significant inverse correlation of shoreline position with offshore wave conditions, and has a uniform alongshore pattern in temporal behavior, as determined from empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. On the inlet side of the boundary, the beach experiences monotonic widening (with proximity to the inlet), lacks spatial consistency in correlation between shoreline position and wave conditions, and exhibits an irregular pattern in spatial EOF modes. We augment the field observations with numerical modeling that provides calculations of wave setup and nearshore current patterns near the inlet, highlighting the effects of the ebb‐tidal delta on the assailing waves. The modeling results are verified by a natural experiment that occurred during May 2009, when a storm‐produced sedimentary mass accreted to the lower beach, then subsequently split into two oppositely directed waves of sediment that migrated away from the initial accretion site in the subsequent months. Our results suggest that the ebb‐tidal delta produces a pattern of wave setup that creates a pressure gradient driving an alongshore flow that opposes the longshore currents derived from breaking of obliquely oriented incident waves. The resulting recirculation pattern on the margin of the ebb‐tidal delta provides a mechanism through which the inlet influences adjacent barrier island beach morphology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市暴雨内涝数学模型的研究与应用

以城市地表与明渠、河道水流运动为主要模拟对象,研制了模拟城市暴雨内涝积水的数学模型。模型以平面二维非恒定流的基本方程和无结构不规则网格划分技术为骨架,同时,针对小于离散网格尺度的河道或明渠,应用了一维非恒定流方程的算法。采用分类简化处理的方法,将通道分为河道型、路面型、特殊通道型(城市内的二级河道),根据不同类型简化动量方程,求任意网格各个通道上的单宽流量。采用一维非恒定流方程模拟地下排水管网内的水流,并给出泵站、闸门、淹没出流管道等排水系统的处理方法。根据无结构不规则网格的设计思路,按照天津、南京、南昌三市的地形地貌特征分别设计多边形的计算网格。介绍了城市面雨量的计算方法以及数学模型在天津市、南京市、南昌市的应用情况和误差分析。     

城市机动车尾气中NOx污染的数学模式研究

对城市机动车尾气中NO_x污染物的产生、迁移、转化规律进行了数学分析,提出了城市机动车尾气污染物NO_x随时间和距离变化的数学模式,并运用该模型对长春市内车辆集中路口机动车污染物NO_x进行了模拟与预测。对实验所获得的监测结果与运用数学模式的计算结果进行比较可知：其平均偏差的绝对值小于0.02 mg/m³,相对误差的绝对值均小于0.32,因此城市机动车尾气污染物NO_x的数学模式符合研究区域的实际情况。     

Evidence for active tilting of the NW-German Basin from correlations between fluvial landscape and geological subground

The catchment basin of the River Hunte (Lower Saxony, NW-German Basin) was studied on a mesoscale (length of ~90 km) to investigate the influence of the geological subground on modern morphology. A Geo Information System (GIS) was used to calculate linear correlation coefficients between the depth of geological strata (Base Zechstein to Base Quaternary) and the height of the modern landscape (Holocene Alluvial Plain, Lower Weichselian Terrace, catchment basin and watershed). High linear correlation coefficients between the Base of Tertiary and the height of the modern topography (catchment basin [r²=0.87], Lower Weichselian Terrace [r²=0.95] and Holocene Alluvial Plain [r²=0.95]) indicate control of the modern topography by the depth of the geological subsurface via tilting of the entire basin. Most likely northward tilting of the NW-German Basin forces the River Hunte to flow in a northerly direction by relative uplift of the hinterland (Wiehengebirge, Rhenish Massif) and subsidence of the North Sea area.