关于雷达影像干涉测量的若干理论问题

就雷达影像干涉测量的若干理论问题进行了讨论,提出了一种高程解算数学模型,该模型基于相邻两点对于同一天线的相位差,以精确可靠的控制点为出发点,可以不必须及基线估计;提出了将控制点影像坐标与卫星位置参量按成像方程进行平差,以保证相位解缠和高程解算对控制点和卫星位置精度的要求,指出了在此基础上的基线估计方法。     

个旧锡矿芦塘坝矿段断裂构造地球化学特征及其找矿意义

构造地球化学特征研究是指导矿山深部找矿的有效手段。在深入研究矿区地质的基础上,对矿段内地表断裂构造原生晕数据进行了R型聚类分析和R型因子分析,根据R型因子分析的结果——因子得分值,圈定了四组因子得分的综合异常图。其结果表明,元素组合异常明显,呈NE向带状展布;主要成矿元素及相关指示元素组合出现多个异常浓集中心,并与已知深部矿体产出空间能较好地对应。这些特征的分析对指导矿山生产和找矿具有现实意义。     

Representing the bed roughness of coarse‐grained streams in computational fluid dynamics

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications are increasingly utilized for modelling complex flow patterns in natural streams and rivers. Although CFD has been successfully implemented to model many complex flow situations in natural stream settings, adequately characterizing the effects of gravel and cobble beds on flow hydraulics in CFD is a difficult challenge due to the scale of roughness lengths and the inadequacy of traditional roughness representations to characterize flow profiles in situations with large roughness elements. An alternative method of representing gravel and cobble beds is presented. Appropriate drag forces associated with different grain sizes are computed and included in the momentum equations to account for the influence of a hydraulically rough bed. Comparisons with field measurements reveal reasonable agreement between measured and modelled profiles of spatially averaged velocity and turbulent kinetic energy, and model fidelity to the non‐logarithmic behaviour of the velocity profiles. The novel method of representing coarse beds expands the utility of CFD for investigating physical processes in natural channels with large bed roughness. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

River channel dynamics following extirpation of wolves in northwestern Yellowstone National Park,USA

Historical records indicate that gray wolves (Canis lupus) were extirpated from the upper Gallatin River Basin in the early 1900s. Following the removal of these large carnivores, elk (Cervis elaphus) began to increasingly browse streamside vegetation in the winter range, causing widespread loss of formerly extensive willow (Salix spp.) communities. Historical aerial photographs and chronosequences of ground photographs were used to characterize general changes in vegetation and channel morphology over time. In August of 2004, riparian vegetation and channel cross‐sections were surveyed along three reaches of the upper Gallatin River. Reach A was located upstream of the elk winter range (control reach) whereas reaches B and C (treatment reaches) were located within the elk winter range. Willow cover on floodplains averaged 85 per cent for reach A, but only 26 per cent and 5 per cent for reaches B and C, respectively. The average return period of calculated bankfull discharges was 3·1 yrs for reach A but increased to 32·4 yrs and 10·6 yrs for reaches B and C, respectively. The long‐term loss of streamside vegetation allowed channels to generally increase in hydraulic capacity (via increases in width, incision or both) and decrease their hydrologic connectivity with adjacent floodplains. This study documents, perhaps for the first time, the resultant impacts to riparian vegetation functions and stream channel characteristics following the extirpation of a large mammalian carnivore. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GIS技术的区域林地生产力估测与分区

借助G IS和数学模型集成技术,利用福建省气象观测资料推算出全省年均温度、降水量和实际蒸散量的125 m×125 m栅格数据,采用植被净第一性生产力改进模型结合林地土壤质量系数,修正计算区域林地生产力栅格数据,然后借助动态聚类分析模型进行区域林地生产力分区。结果表明福建省林地生产力介于262.2 g/(m2.a)~2 100.6 g/(m2.a),9个设区市林地生产力均值大小顺序为:漳州>龙岩>福州>厦门>三明>莆田>南平>泉州>宁德。全省林地以高、中生产力区占绝对优势,分别占全省林地总面积的76.26%和23.54%,其中高生产力区主要分布于闽北、闽西和闽中地区,而中生产力区则主要分布于闽北、闽中和闽东地区。     

Adsorption and flocculation behaviors of polydiallyldimethylammonium (PDADMA) salts: Influence of counterion

Two modified polymer flocculants of PDADMA salts, PDADMA nitrate (PDADMAN) and PDADMA sulfate (PDADMAS), were prepared from the most widely used commercial product of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC). Solution properties such as conductivity and viscosity were investigated, showing that the conductivity follows the order of PDADMAS > PDADMAC > PDADMAN, while the reduced viscosity increases in the order of PDADMAS < PDADMAC < PDADMAN. The results indicate that, compared with PDADMAC, PDADMAN has a more cationic density and a more extended polymer chain, whereas PDADMAS exhibits a smaller coiled polymer size because of the stronger charge affinity of sulfate ion to the polycation of PDADMA. Flocculation experiments were performed on kaolin suspensions. It was found that PDADMAN is the most efficient in turbidity removal, while PDADMAS has wider optimum dosages, larger floc size and more rapid settling rate. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed for imaging the adsorption structures of the three polymers on the negatively charged mica surface. Remarkable differences in molecular conformation were observed. Compared with the pearl necklace-like aggregation of hemispheroids of PDADMAC polymer, PDADMAN takes a sponge-like thin layer structure and PDADMAS exhibits a uniform hemispherical structure.     

The effect of subaerial exposure on the morphology and microstructure of stromatolites in the Cretaceous Sinyangdong Formation,Gyeongsang Supergroup,Korea1

Stromatolite morphology is usually controlled by a number of biological and environmental factors. In the south‐eastern part of the Korean Peninsula, three stromatolite units of the Cretaceous Sinyangdong Formation have been studied with regard to the effect of diagenesis on their morphology. Here, it is proposed that subaerial exposure and meteoric diagenesis are the most significant factors in shaping the stromatolites of the Cretaceous Sinyangdong Formation. Most previous palaeontological and sedimentological studies on stromatolites have concentrated on the environmental and biogenic controls on stromatolite morphology. These include extrinsic factors such as sedimentation rates or current velocities. The main controlling factor on the morphology of the stromatolites in the Sinyangdong Formation is apparently transient subaerial exposure and related meteoric diagenesis. Textural examination of stromatolite samples from three stratigraphic horizons shows a characteristic repetitive pattern of cycles with gradual transition from fibrous calcite to micrite layers, reflecting changes in the hydrological cycle of the lake in which the stromatolites grew. Stromatolite growth was terminated by corroded surfaces indicative of subaerial exposure related to a fall in lake level. The growth pattern of the stromatolites was mostly determined by the morphology of the corroded substrates during subaerial exposure. Furthermore, the internal stromatolite structure was strongly modified by the process of leaching. As a result, growth forms mostly changed from stratiform to columnar mesostructure. This study strongly implies that diagenesis could make a very significant influence on the morphogenesis of lacustrine stromatolites in the geological past.     

从机载激光扫描数据中提取道路

提出了一种从机载激光扫描数据提取道路的方法,采用结合高程数据和强度数据方法来分析道路信息,实现了对道路的提取。     

The characteristics of turbulence in a shear zone downstream of a channel constriction in a coarse-grained forced pool

A field-based project was initiated to characterize the influence of varying discharge and bed topography along a pool exit-slope on the strength of turbulence generated by vortex shedding. Velocities were measured with an ADV downstream of a boulder constriction within a shear zone of a large pool. Measurements were repeated for four flows that varied from 20% to 50% of bankfull discharge. An additional longitudinal profile was conducted along the pool thalweg. Plots of velocity demonstrate high near-bed velocities and turbulence levels in the pools. Turbulence levels were highest closer to the constriction in the shear zone. Turbulent kinetic energy decayed in the downstream direction in response to the bed topography and at lower discharges. Instantaneous velocities are large enough to temporarily lift pebbles at this depth. It appears that instantaneous forces created by vortex shedding may play an important role in scouring pools downstream of constrictions. The turbulence may also respond to changes in bed topography in a manner that encourages feedbacks among bed topography, characteristics of turbulence, and sediment transport.