CT扫描层厚和增强对I期非小细胞肺癌形态学测量的影响

目的：探讨CT扫描层厚、增强与否对I期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）三维最大径、体积及质量的影响。方法：92例I期NSCLC患者,其中76例在平扫基础上进行了增强扫描;扫描数据传至CT后处理工作站,采用计算机辅助诊断软件描绘并分割病灶,分别自动测量2nlm、7inn层厚及7nlm增强前后病灶的最大径d（mm）、体积V（mm3）、质量m（g）,计算各均值及方差,运用配对T检验评价不同层厚、增强与否对肿瘤的三维测量结果有无统计学差异。结果：2into、7mm层厚CT扫描条件下,d、玖m的测量结果具有显著统计学差异（P〈0．05）;7mm层厚扫描条件下,cT增强前后d、V的测量无显著统计学差异（P〉0．05）,m的测量具有显著统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论：胸部cT扫描2mm、7mm层厚的选取对I期NSCLC三维最大径、体积及质量的测量结果具有一定的影响;CT增强可影响肿瘤的质量测量评价。     

Aggregatstabilitetsanalyse

Madsen, Henrik, 1975: Aggregatstabilitetsanalyse. Geografisk Tidsskrift 74: 70–78. København, juni 1, 1975.

A method to describe the stability and size distribution of soil aggregates by dry sifting. The profit and disadvantages of the method are discussed. A methematical adaption is given and further the influence of humus on the soil aggregates is discussed, as well as the possibility of the method for giving significant values in relation to soil erosion.     

Urban Form,Air Pollution,and CO2 Emissions in Large U.S. Metropolitan Areas

In this article we explore the relationships between urban form and air pollution among 86 U.S. metropolitan areas. Urban form was quantified using preexisting sprawl indexes and spatial metrics applied to remotely sensed land cover data. Air pollution data included the nonpoint source emission of the ozone (O₃) precursors nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the concentration of O₃, the concentration and nonpoint source emission of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and the emission of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from on-road sources. Metropolitan areas that exhibited higher levels of urban sprawl, or sprawl-like urban morphologies, generally exhibited higher concentrations and emissions of air pollution and CO₂ when controlling for population, land area, and climate.     

EDAPHIC LIMITATION OF A BRAZILIAN RAINFOREST PALM: THE ROLE OF ENERGY ALLOCATION AND COMPETITION FOR SUNLIGHT

Tropical forest palms are often associated with specific soil conditions, yet the ecological role of edaphic limitation in Palmae has seldom been considered. In the Atlantic Coastal Forest Biome of eastern Bahia, Brazil, the piassava palm (Attalea funifera) inhabits coastal podzolic soils but not nearby latosols. This paper examines the role of changing edaphic conditions and access to sunlight in the restriction of this species to tropical podzols.     

Clustering and classifying channel morphology in Eastern Oklahoma ecoregions using dissimilarity coefficients

Ecoregions are generally homogenous areas that comprise similar associations of geology, climate, soils, land use, and potential natural vegetation. However, a certain amount of physical variability exists in ecoregions which makes them spatially diverse in their characteristics. Euclidean Sum of Squares was used to calculate the amount of stream reach dissimilarity within and between three prominent eastern Oklahoma ecoregions: Boston Mountains, Ozark Highlands, and Ouachita Mountains. Dissimilarity proximity coefficients were used to cluster stream reaches and create exemplars for each cluster. Streams were classified using the Rosgen classification to evaluate whether dissimilarity values could be applied to the classification. Metrics used to calculate stream reach dissimilarity were median particle size, bankfull width, width–depth ratio, gradient, and sinuosity. Maximum stream reach dissimilarity between two sites within the same ecoregion is highest in the Ouachita Mountains (18.59) and followed by the Ozark Highlands (13.12) and Boston Mountains (9.58). Removal of ecoregion boundaries increased maximum proximity coefficient dissimilarity between two sites in the Ozark Highlands and Ouachita Mountains to 34.26. Utilizing the dissimilarity of channel morphology for the purpose of regional classification helps in the understanding of how broad-scale processes influence the fluvial system.     

Effects of Woody Debris on Channel Morphology and Sediment Storage in Headwater Streams in the Great Smoky Mountains,Tennessee-North Carolina

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is an important component of headwater streams, however, few studies have investigated the geomorphic effects of CWD in the southern Appalachians. In the Great Smoky Mountains, debris slides supply large volumes of CWD and sediment to low-order streams. This study investigates the effect of CWD on bankfull channel dimensions and in-channel sediment storage along second-order streams. Comparisons are made between streams that have experienced recent debris slides and those that have not. CWD channel obstructions are larger but less frequent along debris-slide-affected streams. Dendrochronological evidence indicates that CWD can remain in channels for over 100 yr. Relatively short residence times of CWD along debris-slide-affected streams suggest that logs are frequently flushed through these streams. CWD causes channel widening along all study streams, but the volume of sediment stored in the channel behind CWD obstructions is up to four times greater than the volume of sediment represented by bank erosion associated with CWD. Two large log jams formed by debris slides at tributary junctions stored approximately 4000 m³ of sediment. Sediment stored by CWD was finer than mean bed particle size, and thus represents a significant sediment source when CWD obstructions are breached.     

Fluvial diversity in relation to valley setting in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers

The spatial distribution of valley setting （laterally-unconfined, partly-confined, or confined） and fluvial morphology in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers is contrasted and analyzed. The source region of the Yangtze River is divided into 3 broad sections （I, II and III） based on valley setting and channel gradient, with the upstream and downstream sections being characterized by confined （some reaches partly-confined） valleys while the middle section is characterized with wide and shallow, laterally-unconfined valleys. Gorges are prominent in sections I and III, while braided channel patterns dominate section II. By contrast, the source region of the Yellow River is divided into 5 broad sections （sections I-V） based on valley characteristics and channel gradient. Sections I, II and IV are alluvial reaches with mainly laterally-unconfined （some short reaches partly-confined） valleys. Sections III and V are mainly confined or partly-confined. Greater morphological diversity is evident in the source region of the Yellow River relative to the upper Yangtze River. This includes braided, anabranching, anastomosing, meandering and straight alluvial patterns, with gorges in confined reaches. The macro-relief （elevation, gradient, aspect, valley alignment and confinement） of the region, linked directly to tectonic movement of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, tied to climatic, hydrologic and biotic considerations, are primary controls upon the patterns of river diversity in the region.     

斑石鲷消化系统形态学与组织学观察

为探明斑石鲷(Oplegnathus punctatus)消化系统的形态特征和组织学结构,助力斑石鲷的人工繁育及养殖技术研发,作者采用形态解剖学和组织学切片技术对斑石鲷消化系统进行了实验研究。研究发现斑石鲷的消化道共由6部分组成,从头至尾依次是口咽腔、食道、胃、幽门盲囊、小肠、直肠。斑石鲷的口咽腔内部空间大,颌齿内部彼此连接、外部愈合,呈现典型的鹦鹉喙状,咽齿呈扁平的圆盾状,于上下颌齿内侧上下对称分布,这样复合结构(喙状颌齿与圆盾状咽齿)使得斑石鲷能够轻易地碾碎甲壳动物的外壳,进而完成摄食。斑石鲷的食道短粗,黏膜层密布具纵褶,内部含有丰富的杯状细胞,能够协助斑石鲷吞咽食物。胃部呈典型的不对称V型,黏膜层下分布着密集的胃腺,幽门部拥有整个消化道最厚实的肌肉层,摄取的食物将在这里完成消化和分解。斑石鲷的小肠分为前肠、中肠、后肠3部分,管径大小逐次递减,黏膜层上肠绒毛的密度和长度也遵同样的规律,从结构可以推断出斑石鲷肠道吸收功能主要集中于前中肠。直肠管径与小肠前肠段接近,长度很短仅为小肠的1/7,相比小肠部分,肠绒毛更加稀疏,绒毛长度也更短,主要承担消化残留物的压缩排泄和水分与微量元素的重吸收,相对简单结构对应着相对简单的功能。