Riparian reforestation and channel change: A case study of two small tributaries to Sleepers River, northeastern Vermont, USA

Measurements of two small streams in northeastern Vermont, collected in 1966 and 2004–2005, document considerable change in channel width following a period of passive reforestation. Channel widths of several tributaries to Sleepers River in Danville, VT, USA, were previously measured in 1966 when the area had a diverse patchwork of forested and nonforested riparian vegetation. Nearly 40 years later, we remeasured bed widths and surveyed large woody debris (LWD) in two of these tributaries, along 500 m of upper Pope Brook and along nearly the entire length (3 km) of an unnamed tributary (W12). Following the longitudinal survey, we collected detailed channel and riparian information for nine reaches along the same two streams. Four reaches had reforested since 1966; two reaches remained nonforested. The other three reaches have been forested since at least the 1940s. Results show that reforested reaches were significantly wider than as measured in 1966, and they are more incised than all other forested and nonforested reaches. Visual observations, cross-sectional surveys, and LWD characteristics indicate that reforested reaches continue to change in response to riparian reforestation. The three reaches with the oldest forest were widest for a given drainage area, and the nonforested reaches were substantially narrower. Our observations culminated in a conceptual model that describes a multiphase process of incision, widening, and recovery following riparian reforestation of nonforested areas. Results from this case study may help inform stream restoration efforts by providing insight into potentially unanticipated changes in channel size associated with the replanting of forested riparian buffers adjacent to small streams.     

CBCT对上气道形态的研究进展

上气道为人体重要的组成部分,随着多种影像学手段的应用,对其认识逐步深入。以往研究有其局限性或不可靠性,目前锥形束CT(CBCT)已成为研究气道形态大小的主要手段。总结应用CBCT研究气道的多种气道划分标准、多种分析测量软件及方法,主要通过测量气道容积、长度、不同截面矢状径、横径和面积等项目,研究不同骨面型患者的气道特点,得出差异所在,用以指导气道疾病的治疗及错颌畸形的正畸正颌手术等。      

球粒状和棒状纳米赤铁矿光电化学特性研究

本文以乙二醇为诱导剂通过电化学沉积法成功合成了球粒状及棒状纳米赤铁矿。X射线衍射光谱(XRD)和Raman光谱结果表明,球粒状赤铁矿粒径20±5 nm;棒状赤铁矿截面直径约20 nm,长90±10 nm;二者物相皆为单一均匀的赤铁矿。紫外-可见吸收光谱显示两种赤铁矿在300~550 nm范围内均有较好吸收,Tauc方程计算球粒状和棒状赤铁矿禁带宽度分别为2.00 e V和1.99 e V。Mott-Schottky拟合结果表明1 M KOH溶液体系中,棒状赤铁矿载流子浓度为1.95×1021cm-3,高于球粒状赤铁矿(3.16×1020cm-3)。进一步的光电化学实验表明:0.6 V(vs.Ag/Ag Cl)电势下棒状赤铁矿光照下电流密度较暗电流提升550%,球粒状赤铁矿电流密度提升77%。研究证实,赤铁矿形貌对其半导体特性及光电化学特性有影响,且棒状赤铁矿电极表现出更好的可见光响应特性,具有更佳的光电催化潜力。     

基于二维经验模态分解的重磁异常分离

由于地质过程的复杂性及成矿过程的多期次叠加性,原始重磁异常往往是多种地质因素的混合信息,既包含区域背景异常信息,也包含与矿床(体)、矿化蚀变带以及隐伏岩体等与找矿密切相关的地质要素所引起的局部重磁异常.如何从复杂的叠加重磁异常中分离出具有找矿意义的局部异常,是当前矿产勘查和资源潜力评价工作中面临的难题之一.采用经验模态分解(EMD)方法来分解重磁异常,为提高分解的稳健性提出了用双调和样条插值(BSI)进行包罗面插值的新方法,并以云南个旧地区重磁数据为例,对其进行非线性多尺度分解,实现对区域异常与局部重磁异常的分离,揭示了深层次找矿信息并拓宽了经验模态分解方法的应用领域.      

不同频率循环荷载作用下岩石阻尼比试验与变形破坏机制细观分析

通过对取自海南昌江核电厂一期工程主厂区的黑云母花岗岩,在RMT－150B多功能全自动刚性岩石伺服试验机进行单轴不同频率的循环加卸载试验,研究花岗岩动应变-应力滞回曲线、动弹性模量和阻尼比同循环频率之间的规律,然后对破坏断裂断口进行细观电镜扫描试验,分析了不同频率下花岗岩断口细观形貌与结构特征。结果表明,花岗岩在循环荷载作用下的加卸应力-应变曲线并不重合,而是形成一个封闭的滞回环;当循环频率在0.01～1.0 Hz范围内变化时,随着频率增大,花岗岩滞回环面积、动弹模和阻尼比都增大;通过细观数字图像试验分析发现,循环荷载作用下,随着频率的增大,岩石断口细观裂纹总的数目、面积、分形维数均变大。文中给出不同频率循环荷载作用下岩石破裂的细观损伤力学机制,研究成果对海南昌江核电厂的地震反应分析和场地安全性评价有着重要参考价值。     

Observations of asymmetry in contrasting wave‐ and tidally‐dominated environments within a mesotidal basin: implications for estuarine morphological evolution

Tides are often considered to be the dominant hydrodynamic process within mesotidal estuaries although waves can also have a large influence on intertidal erosion rates. Here, we use a combination of hydrodynamic measurements and sediment deposition records to determine the conditions under which observed waves are ‘morphologically significant’, in which case they influence tidal and suspended sediment flux asymmetry and subsequently infilling over geomorphological timescales. Morphological significant conditions were evaluated using data from contrasting arms in a dendritic mesotidal estuary, in which the orientation of the arms relative to the prevailing wind results in a marked difference in wave conditions, deposition rates and morphology. By defining the morphological significance of waves as a product of the magnitude of bed shear stress and frequency of occurrence, even small (but frequently occurring) winds are shown to be capable of generating waves that are morphologically significant given sufficient fetch. In the arm in which fetch length is restricted, only stronger but rare storm events can influence sediment flux and therefore tides are more morphologically significant over longer timescales. Water depth within this mesotidal estuary is shown to be a critical parameter in controlling morphological significance; the rapid attenuation of short period waves with depth results in contrasting patterns of erosion occurring during neaps and accretion during springs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

人工岸线建设对浙江大陆海岸线格局的影响

海岸人工地貌建设是沿海国家开发利用海岸带资源的重要方式,海岸人工岸线的形成改变了自然岸线的格局,并影响着岸线的自然演替规律。基于1990,2000和2010年3期TM遥感影像,提取不同时相的浙江省大陆海岸线信息,对浙江大陆海岸线类型构成及人工岸线建设对岸线格局的影响进行了分析。结果表明:(1)受人类开发活动的影响,近20 a来浙江大陆海岸格局以人工岸线不断增长为特征;(2)不同岸段的人工岸线增长速度有明显差异,以杭州湾、三门湾及台州湾沿岸岸线变化最为显著;(3)20 a间,浙江大陆岸线整体向海推进趋势明显,仅少数岸线发生了海岸蚀退;(4)人工岸线的建设通过对自然岸线的截弯取直,缩短了自然岸线的长度,降低了自然岸线的曲折度,却使浙江省大陆海岸线的多样性指数不断增加。     

不确定度连续传递模型及其在化学测量中的应用

提出了一个较为新颖的化学测量中的数据处理模型——不确定度连续传递模型,并就此模型在应用上与以往的一些数据处理方法进行了比较。在不确定度计算、方法检出限计算、相对偏差允许限计算、实验室之间测量数据比对考核等方面均取得了满意的结果。     

数学形态学和模式识别在建筑物多边形化简中的应用

针对居民地图形化简的一个方面--建筑物多边形的化简,提出一种在与地图比例尺相关的动态栅格和矢量数据相结合的数据模型支持下,综合利用数学形态学和神经网络支持下的模式识别的化简方法.在Visual C 环境下实现基于此方法的系统并进行实验,实验结果说明此方法在保持街区的形态特征上效果明显.这种方法将制图综合知识融入图形化简操作之中,是自动制图综合智能化的一次新的尝试.