A geo-environmental map for the sustainable development of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

An engineering and environmental geological map of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal has been elaborated within a project of German-Nepalese cooperation. In the Kathmandu Valley, the major geo-environmental problems arise from haphazard exploitation of geologic resources, local landslide zones, severe problems of garbage disposal, river flooding and a dramatic river pollution. The map was prepared by the use of GIS techniques. It contains all basic geological and environmental data, as geotechnical risk zones (landslide-prone areas or those of poor foundation conditions), areas for preferable extraction of construction material and those not to be allowed to be exploited, areas of immediate need of reforestation in order to prevent landslide or badland development, groundwater protection zones, and suitable garbage disposal sites. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

斜坡式防波护岸断面形式的实验研究

从某一大型工程中的邻海区域江堤加固工程的各种方案比较出发,分析讨论了这类工程结构形式受波浪作用的情况及结构物设计中方案比选的有关问题。     

关于大力发展山东省海洋旅游娱乐业的策略研究

进入本世纪末,随着我国旅游经济的快速发展,旅游业在国民经济中的产业地位已越来越突出,国家旅游局在《中国旅游业九五发展计划和２０１０年远景目标纲要》中明确提出“国家和地方政府重视发展旅游业,要把旅游业当作优势产业来认识,当作新的支柱产业来扶持和培育,实行政府主导型战略。”据统计,截止１９９６年,全国已有２２个省、市、自治区把旅游业列为“支柱产业”、“先导产业”、“重点产业”或“龙头产业”。     

海洋沉积物中烃类化合物预处理条件优化及应用

运用分辨率高、稳定性好的ＨＰ６８９０ 毛细管气相色谱仪定性、定量测定海洋沉积物中的正构烷烃和多环芳烃。对沉积物样品的预处理中抽提、蒸发、柱层析、萃取等步骤条件进行优化。优化方法中,正构烷烃系列化合物回收率为６５ ％ ～７６ ％ ,多环芳烃系列化合物为８８ ％ ～９５％ ,标准偏差是２．７％ ～２０．２％ （ｎ＝ ３）     

Succession,palaeoecology, evolution,and speciation of Pennsylvanian non‐marine bivalves,Northern Appalachian Basin,USA

Seventeen horizons of non‐marine bivalves are described within the Appalachian succession from the base of the Pottsville Group of Westphalian A‐B age to the Uniontown coal of Stephanian C age at the top of the Carboniferous System. A new highly variable fauna of Anthraconaia from the roof shales of the Upper Freeport coal near Kempton, west Maryland, dates from late Westphalian D or very early Cantabrian time, on the evidence of non‐marine shells and megafloras. Below this horizon, the Appalachian sequence reveals zones of Anthraconauta phillipsii and Anthraconauta tenuis in the same order as in Britain, whereas faunas of Anthraconaia of these zones are less common and differ from those of Britain. In all horizons above the Upper Freeport coal all non‐marine bivalve faunas consist of stages in the sequences of two natural species, the groups of Anthraconaia prolifera and Anthraconaia puella‐saravana. The first shows evidence of having lived in well‐oxygenated, probably shallow, fresh water conditions of relatively wide extent. The second group lived preferentially in a plant‐rich environment of relatively stagnant fresh water. Both groups are found in horizons associated with coal seams and may be seen together in the same habitats, but diagrams of variation (pictographs) suggest that there was no interbreeding between the two groups in either the Northern Appalachians or in southern Germany where the species split was first recognized. In the northern Spanish coalfields of Guardo‐Valderrueda and Central Asturia, facies evidence suggests how an initial split may have taken place in the same morphological directions and into the same palaeoenvironments as the later split into two species. Appalachian deposition was generally slow and intermittent with frequent palaeosols. There is also evidence of erosion and of small palaeontological breaks in the sequence, especially near the eastern edge of the Northern Appalachian Basin in western Maryland. The amount of accumulated sediment was less than one‐tenth of that of western Europe when basin centre deposition is compared. We found no evidence of a major palaeontological break representing Westphalian D strata overlain by Stephanian C strata. We figure non‐marine bivalve faunas of Stephanian B age in association with the Pittsburgh and the Little Pittsburgh coals. Two new species of non‐marine bivalves are described: Anthraconaia anthraconautiformis sp. nov. and Anthraconaia extrema sp. nov. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

甲壳动物JAK/STAT信号通路在免疫应答中的功能与调控机制

先天免疫是宿主抵抗病原感染的第一道防线,在病原的传播和疾病的发展过程中发挥重要的作用。甲壳动物属于无脊椎动物,仅具有先天免疫,而不具备适应性免疫,其主要依靠细胞免疫和体液免疫来实现免疫防御功能,抑制病原体增殖。JAK/STAT途径是调节无脊椎动物免疫反应的主要途径之一,本文主要从细胞因子受体(Dome)、JAK酪氨酸激酶(JAK)、信号传导及转录激活因子(STAT)、调节因子的结构、在宿主体内的表达及发挥的功能等来综述在养殖甲壳动物中JAK/STAT信号通路的研究现状。目前已在对虾、螯虾和蟹等近十种甲壳动物中报道了此通路的元件,而且各元件均具有保守的典型结构域,同类元件在不同种类甲壳生物中的结构有所差异,但是功能基本相似。这些元件均被证实通过调节JAK/STAT通路的信号转导来影响抗病能力。目前仅在凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）中鉴定出JAK/STAT信号通路的所有元件,对其他甲壳动物中剩余元件的鉴定仍有必要,并且甲壳动物JAK/STAT信号通路对其他信号通路的影响还有待深入研究。通过本文希望能为该通路在甲壳动物中调控机制研究提供理论基础和参考。     

福建闽南地区与广西北海地区波纹巴非蛤的形态差异与遗传多样性分析

本研究采用形态学和微卫星分子标记对福建闽南地区（厦门、云霄、惠安）及广西北海4个野生波纹巴非蛤群体进行形态学与遗传多样性分析。主成分与聚类分析结果表明：惠安与北海群体的形态最为相近,其次为云霄群体,而厦门群体的趋异度最大。构建了两个主成分PC1和PC2,其中PC1的贡献率为36.134%,PC2的贡献率为21.443%,累计贡献率为57.577%。建立了4群体的判别函数,判别准确率P₁为43.3%~93.5%,P₂为44.8%~88.0%,综合判别率为66.1%。4个波纹巴非蛤群体的整体遗传多样性较高,群体间遗传分化微弱,属于同1个自由交配组群,NJ系统发育树聚类结果未检测到与地理位置相对应的谱系结构,这可能与人为引种、贸易及增殖放流等活动导致波纹巴非蛤不同群体间频繁基因交流有关。建议今后在波纹巴非蛤的资源管理和开发利用时,加强本地种质资源的保护。     

唐山祥云湾海洋牧场海域网采浮游植物群集特征研究

为研究唐山祥云湾海洋牧场海域网采浮游植物群集特征, 于2020年11月至2021年11月在祥云湾海洋牧场海域进行了浮游植物及环境因子的周年逐月调查。共鉴定浮游植物41属78种, 其中硅藻33属62种, 甲藻7属15种, 硅鞭藻1属1种, 年均丰度为205.58×10⁴ cells/m³, 多样性指数H''为2.88。与近岸非增殖海域不同, 该海域浮游植物的丰度及群落结构指数在春夏季水生生物繁生期达到全年最低。优势类群的季节演替明显, 其中, 3~5月以诺氏海链藻最占优势, 9~10月以角毛藻和中肋骨条藻最占优势, 周年优势类群以圆筛藻和角毛藻最占优势, 其优势度变动在6月前以圆筛藻显著为高, 之后则以角毛藻显著为高; 此外,甲藻的优势度在泛冬季(11~2月)达到最高。鱼礁区与对照区的对比结果显示, 两区域浮游植物的群落变化均可划分为泛冬季低温期(11~2月)、春夏季繁生期(3~6月)、泛秋季降温期(7~11月)三个时期。链状浮游植物的丰度在礁区明显高于对照区, 而非链状浮游植物则相反; 与生物作用关系密切的溶解有机碳、pH值在礁区低于对照区, 而总磷和溶解态硅则相反。Pearson相关及冗余分析(RDA)显示, 两区域浮游植物与环境因子的显著相关关系在不同时期差异明显。春夏季繁生期牡蛎礁上的贝类滤食活跃, 浮游植物与环境因子的关系最为密切, 浮游植物与环境因子的相关关系达到显著水平的数量最多。礁区与对照区浮游植物的群集特征差异可能受到礁体附着生物活动及潮汐往复流混合作用的影响。     

山东近海赤潮物种多样性研究进展

山东近海浮游植物多样性很高,其中包括很多能够引发赤潮的赤潮物种。在气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下,山东近海赤潮事件的规模越来越大,赤潮暴发频率也越来越高,给生态环境及人类健康带来负面影响,从而引起越来越大的关注。为系统了解山东近海的赤潮物种多样性,评估潜在的赤潮暴发事件,对过去84年间(1936～2019年)完成的以山东近海浮游植物为研究对象的生态研究项目进行了全面的文献检索,并对文献报道的结果进行了整理和分析。这些生态研究项目基本都采用了基于形态特征的方法对浮游植物进行了物种鉴定。对检索到的119个生态研究项目的鉴定结果汇总得到659种浮游植物,其中包括155种赤潮物种,以硅藻(78种)和甲藻(67种)为主,还包括棕鞭藻(5种)、定鞭藻(2种)、隐藻(1种)、未定类的三深碎裂藻(Ebriatripartite)和红色中缢虫(Mesodinium rubrum)。鉴定频率最高的赤潮物种包括中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)、尖刺伪菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)、夜光藻(Nocti...