137Cs在滇西与黔中地区散落的差异——青藏隆起对滇西地区全球性扩散大气污染物散落屏蔽效应的推断

云贵高原是青藏隆起在南亚大陆形成的一个海拔梯度大、地势格局复杂的特异环境单元.该地域兼受东南季风与西南季风的交汇影响,是全球变化的敏感区之一.青藏隆起对云贵高原现代环境影响主要表现在1)全球性大气扩散污染物的屏蔽效应和局地性大气扩散污染物的滞留效应;2)区域化学风化的增强效应和物理侵蚀的梯级效应;3)地表环境地球化学过程的低纬度-高海拔效应.核素示踪模式分析表明滇西与黔中地区之间137Cs自大气散落差异明显[1986年以前,洱海和红枫湖沉积物中137Cs散落的累计值分别为(0.11±0.01)Bq/cm2及(0.37±0.01)Bq/cm2],而7Be的散落相近.这说明青藏隆起对滇西地区存在全球性扩散大气污染物散落的屏蔽效应.     

中国桐柏大别构造带变质演化的岩石学证迹

桐柏大别构造带是秦岭造山带的东延部分，经历过多期次不同体制的构造运动，现今的桐柏大别山区是由一系列变质地体拼合而成，地体与地体之间为断层或韧性剪切带所围限各地体有自身变质变形史和PTt轨迹，但却有着碰撞造山带所共有的后造山抬升过程。本文揭示了随县群、红安岩群及大别杂岩中柯石英榴辉石、蓝晶铝直闪石片岩及紫苏石榴黑云母片麻岩的退变质再平衡结构特点。报道了大别山麻粒岩相变质年龄为1699Ma。各类岩石减压退变质再平衡结构，标志着后造山的隆升过程及其对桐柏大别构造带变质演化的启示。     

中国边缘海域及其邻区的岩石层结构与构造分析

利用中国边缘海域近年的地震层析成像结果,根据速度异常和各向异性分析东海、黄海和南海北部的岩石层结构和构造,讨论中朝块体和扬子块体在黄海内部的拼合边界(黄海东部断裂带)、东海陆架盆地上地幔异常与岩石层形成演化、南海北部地壳底部高速层的成因及地幔活动等问题。分析表明,黄海东部与朝鲜半岛之间存在一个深部构造界限(大致对应于黄海东部断裂带),分界两侧Pn波速度各向异性存在明显差异,反映不同构造应力和断裂剪切运动作用下的岩石层地幔变形特征。东海陆架下方的低速异常揭示了张裂盆地形成时期的地幔活动痕迹,表明中、新生代期间发生过地幔上涌并造成岩石层减薄,菲律宾海板块向西俯冲引发的地幔活动对东海陆架岩石层的形成、演化产生明显的影响。南海北部岩石层厚度较大并且温度相对偏低,地幔异常仅限于局部地区,估计南海北部大陆边缘的地壳底部高速层形成于张裂发生之前,或者是地壳形成时期壳幔分异时的产物。南海中央海盆的扩张不仅导致地壳拉张,软流层物质上涌,而且也造成岩石层地幔减薄甚至缺失。     

Crustal accretion beneath the Koyna coastal region (India) and Late Cretaceous geodynamics

In 1967 a major earthquake in the Koyna region attracted attention to the hitherto considered stable Indian shield. The region is covered by a thick pile of Deccan lava flows and characterized by several hidden tectonic features and complex geophysical signatures. Although deep seismic sounding studies have provided vital information regarding the crustal structure of the Koyna region, much remains unknown. The two available DSS profiles in the region have been combined along the trend of Bouguer gravity anomalies. Unified 2-D density modelling of the Koyna crust/mantle suggests a ca. 3 km thick and 40 km wide high velocity/high density anomalous layer at the base of the crust along the coastline. The thickness of this anomalous layer decreases gradually towards the east and ahead of the Koyna gravity low the layer ceases to be visible. Based on the seismic and gravity data interpretation in the geodynamical/rheological boundary conditions the anomalous layer is attributed to igneous crustal accretion at the base of the crust. It is suggested that the underplated layer is the imprint of the magmatism caused by the deep mantle plume when the northward migrating Indian plate passed over the Reunion hotspot.     

Evolution of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath eastern China: Re–Os isotopic evidence from mantle xenoliths in Paleozoic kimberlites and Mesozoic basalts

The ages of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the North China and South China cratons are less well-constrained than the overlying crust. We report Re–Os isotope systematics of mantle xenoliths entrained in Paleozoic kimberlites and Mesozoic basalts from eastern China. Peridotite xenoliths from the Fuxian and Mengyin Paleozoic diamondiferous kimberlites in the North China Craton give Archean Re depletion ages of 2.6–3.2 Ga and melt depletion ages of 2.9–3.4 Ga. No obvious differences in Re and Os abundances, Os isotopic ratios and model ages are observed between spinel-facies and garnet-facies peridotites from both kimberlite localities. The Re–Os isotopic data, together with the PGE concentrations, demonstrate that beneath the Archean continental crust of the eastern North China Craton, Archean lithospheric mantle of spinel- to diamond-facies existed without apparent compositional stratification during the Paleozoic. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic basalt-borne peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths, on the other hand, show geochemical features indicating metasomatic enrichment, along with a large range of the Re–Os isotopic model ages from Proterozoic to Phanerozoic. These features indicate that lithospheric transformation or refertilization through melt-peridotite interaction could be the primary mechanism for compositional changes during the Phanerozoic, rather than delamination or thermal-mechanical erosion, despite the potential of these latter processes to play an important role for the loss of garnet-facies mantle. A fresh garnet lherzolite xenolith from the Yangtze Block has a Re depletion age of ∼1.04 Ga, much younger than overlying Archean crustal rocks but the same Re depletion ages as spinel lherzolite xenoliths from adjacent Mesozoic basalts, indicating Neoproterozoic resetting of the Re–Os system in the South China Craton.     

青藏高原的剥蚀与构造抬升*

利用宇宙成因核素¹⁰ Be和²⁶ Al对西昆仑和可可西里北部地表基岩的剥蚀速率进行了测定,得到的结果是:西昆仑的平均剥蚀速率为12m/Ma, 可可西里北部的平均剥蚀速率为15m/Ma。裂变径迹和宇宙成因核素这两种手段所得到的平均剥蚀速率的时间尺度是不同的,前者得到的是几个至数十百万年的平均剥蚀速率,而后者得到的是十几至几十万年的平均剥蚀速率。比较通过这两种手段得到的青藏高原北部和中部的平均剥蚀速率可以发现其平均剥蚀速率从20Ma以来的100m/Ma以上减少到了最近几十万年以来的10m/Ma,我们认为这一剥蚀速率下降的趋势反映了青藏高原从中新世到第四纪晚期构造活动的减弱,据此推断青藏高原北部和中部的隆升应该主要发生在第四纪晚期之前,而不是在最近的几十万年。     

平南幔源包体中橄榄石的显微构造研究及其意义

平南玄武岩中的尖晶石二辉橄榄岩包体的平衡温度为930~980℃, 平衡深度为59~74km, 包体中橄榄石的扭折带滑移系多为(010) [100], 但也有(001) [100]的滑移系类型; 斜方辉石的滑移系为(100) [001], 它们均为高温低应变速率下的滑移系, 说明该区的上地幔主要是在高温低应变速率条件下经历了塑性变形作用.橄榄石位错组态多样, 有自由位错、位错壁、位错弓弯、缠结、{110}滑移带, 反映了上地幔的塑性变形特征.根据位错壁的大小估算, 上地幔差异流动应力为24.5~42.1MPa, 流动速率为2.93×10-17~8.36×10-16s-1, 有效粘度为1.72×1023~2.80×1024 Pa·s, 特征与中国东部新生代上地幔较为一致, 反映同处于拉张环境.      

地幔岩流体包裹体的稀土元素初步研究

地幔流体REE的研究有助于了解地幔区域化学不均一性、地幔的富集与亏损等地幔地球化学特征。当前对地幔流体的REE研究，主要是通过对比富CO2包裹体与贫CO2包裹体的地幔岩或地幔矿物的测试分析来间接获得信息。本尝试运用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）和热爆方法，直接测定了长白山地区的地幔捕虏体中流体-熔体包裹体REE含量。初步研究显示流体-熔体包裹体中富含REE，尤其LREE相对富集；REE组成曲线右倾，Eu弱正异常，与地幔岩的寄主玄武岩REE组成特征相似，反映源区地幔岩的交代特征。     

Pre-Cenozoic intra-plate magmatism along the Central Andes (17–34°S): Composition of the mantle at an active margin

Sr–Nd–Pb isotope ratios of alkaline mafic intra-plate magmatism constrain the isotopic compositions of the lithospheric mantle along what is now the eastern foreland or back arc of the Cenozoic Central Andes (17–34°S). Most small-volume basanite volcanic rocks and alkaline intrusive rocks of Cretaceous (and rare Miocene) age were derived from a depleted lithospheric mantle source with rather uniform initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ( 0.5127–0.5128) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ( 0.7032–0.7040). The initial ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios are variable (18.5–19.7) at uniform ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios (15.60 ± 0.05). A variety of the Cretaceous depleted mantle source of the magmatic rocks shows elevated Sr isotope ratios up to 0.707 at constant high Nd isotope ratios. The variable Sr and Pb isotope ratios are probably due to radiogenic growth in a metasomatized lithospheric mantle, which represents the former sub-arc mantle beneath the early Palaeozoic active continental margin. Sr–Nd–Pb isotope signatures of a second mantle type reflected in the composition of Cretaceous (one late Palaeozoic age) intra-plate magmatic rocks (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd  0.5123, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr  0.704, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb  17.5–18.5, and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb  15.45–15.50) are similar to the isotopic composition of old sub-continental lithospheric mantle of the Brazilian Shield.

Published Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of Mesozoic to Cenozoic arc-related magmatic rocks (18–40°S) represent the composition of the convective sub-arc mantle in the Central Andes and are similar to those of the Cretaceous (and rare Miocene) intra-plate magmatic rocks. The dominant convective and lithospheric mantle type beneath this old continental margin is depleted mantle, which is compositionally different from average MORB-type depleted mantle. The old sub-continental lithospheric mantle did not contribute to Mesozoic to Cenozoic arc magmatism.     

塔中古溶洞见证晚奥陶世抬升幅度

塔中隆起区上奥陶统良里塔格组灰岩与桑塔木组砂—粉砂岩之间为不整合接触,昭示着这两个组沉积期之间存在一次历时约百万年的区域性构造抬升事件。中古31井良里塔格组三段的4 125.6～4 133.9 m井段为垮塌型溶洞沉积,洞顶距良里塔格组二段顶部190.6 m,溶洞中角砾状充填物主要来自良里塔格组洞壁本身的礁相灰岩,且见数厘米厚的暗河流水沉积纹层,未发现源于其它时代的颗粒混杂其间。这一事实指证了溶洞的形成和充填时代均为良里塔格组沉积之后、桑塔木组覆盖之前的晚奥陶世凯迪中期。具溶蚀力的淡水潜流带的深度一般不低于周围的海平面,由此可推断出该井区这次抬升出海平面之上的高度,即使忽略良里塔格组顶部可能经地表剥蚀的良里塔格组一段,抬升出水面部分至少也应该有190 m,藉生态地层学恢复洞壁礁灰岩沉积时的海水深度约为30 m±,因此总抬升幅度至少能达到220 m。