Experimental investigation of the origin of majoritic garnet inclusions in diamonds

 Multianvil experiments were carried out at 10–15 GPa and 1600–1700 °C to match the compositions of majoritic garnet inclusions from diamonds, and to determine the compositions of other phases potentially coexisting with these inclusions in the source. Most experiments produced coexisting majoritic garnet, diopsidic clinopyroxene, one or more (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ polymorphs, and quenched carbonatic melt. The experimental garnets had relatively high Ca and Fe contents similar to the observed Ca and Fe contents of the inclusions. The resulting Si contents confirmed that the depth of origin of the inclusion with the highest Si content did not exceed 410 km, thus none of the majoritic garnet inclusions found so far originated in the transition zone (410–660 km). The evidence from inclusions and experiments is consistent with the presence of an eclogite layer occurring globally between 200 and 410 km. Compositional variations observed among more than 100 majoritic garnet inclusions with their Si content, which is a measure of pressure and depth, are consistent with the origin of the eclogite layer by crystal fractionation in a magma ocean. The compositions of olivine coexisting with majoritic garnet in the experimental products had the average Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios between 0.16 and 0.28. Inclusions with such high Fe contents have not been found; the Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio of the olivine inclusions in diamonds usually varies between 0.05 and 0.09. Hence, the mantle between 200 and 410 km may not contain olivine. In the absence of olivine, the discontinuity at 410 km is most likely a chemical boundary between the 200-km-thick eclogite layer and a more mafic transition zone. Received: 15 March 2001 / Accepted: 14 September 2001     

Source of ore-forming material for the Huangtuliang gold deposit,Hebei Province and ore prospecting in the deep periphery

The Huangtuliang gold deposit is characterized by its wide and large ore belt, stable extension and closely spaced orebodies. Unfortunately, no orebody was found by deep drilling. As a result, ore prospecting in this region was once put into dilemma. Detailed analysis of ore-forming and ore-controlling structures in the mining district by the authors has revealed that the ore-forming and ore-controlling structure in this mining district is a steeply dipping （85°-110°/∠70°-85° N-NNE）, spade-shaped ductile shear zone, and the ore-controlling structures are a series of nearly erected second-ordered faults which are developed in the upper part of the ductile shear zone, inter-secting with the ductile shear zone. Deep cutting of the ductile shear zone made it possible the ascending of ore fluids from the mantle plume at depth and these ore fluids would migrate upwards along the ductile shear zone under certain temperature and pressure conditions. Along their ascending path, the ore fluids would extract ore-forming elements from the country rocks and the extracted ore-forming elements would be deposited as ores in the hang- ing-wall second-ordered faults. The reason why no orebody was found in early prospecting at depth is that north- ward-dipping drilling in the southern part of the shear zone extended so deeply as to be beneath the shear zone. Only shallow-level orebodies could be found by southward-dipping drilling practice in the northern part of the shear zone. The location where deep-seated orebodies occurred shifted northwards and the orebodies occurred at greater depth. Therefore, it is natural that no orebody could be found when drill core passed through the shear zone. After the ore-forming and ore-controlling structures were well understood, the focus of ore prospecting was placed on the deep-level, northward-penetrating veins. In this way a number of new blind orebodies of great thickness have been found. On the basis of research development in the mining district, a prospecting plan has been made     

The conductosphere depth at equatorial latitudes as determined from geomagnetic daily variations

The structure of the conductosphere at equatorial latitudes is investigated by analyzing geomagnetic daily variations (GDV) data. To do so the magnetic field induced in a multilayered model by an external source of finite size that reproduces the external part of these variations is computed; latitudinal profiles of the total field produced at ground by the assumed external source are then found and compared with the measured GDV data. Results are applied to equatorial zones in Peru, Africa and India.     

山东蒙阴金伯利岩带地球化学特征和源区性质

通过主量、微量和稀土元素对山东蒙阴地区的3个金伯利岩带的金伯利岩、辉绿岩、煌斑岩地球化学特征进行分析研究。结果表明,金伯利岩的岩性偏碱性且富钾,K₂O、TiO₂、P₂O₅比一般的超基性岩石含量明显高;微量元素中Ba、Th、Ta、Cr、Ni元素含量明显高,Sr和Y、Yb含量相对原始地幔偏低。金伯利岩稀土元素总量偏高、轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损。总体无明显的Eu负异常。暗示了深部地幔成因的金伯利岩岩浆分异程度较低,基性程度相对高,岩浆混合了深部的榴辉岩和相对较浅的地幔橄榄岩,可能存在二辉橄榄岩和榴辉岩、花岗质等包体捕掳体来源的混杂性。从地幔深部的高温高压的环境下,金伯利岩岩浆携带深部的金刚石矿物捕掳体沿辉绿岩侵位通道侵入上涌,在接近地表,温压骤降,岩浆岩隐爆就位,最后形成常马、西峪、坡里三个金伯利岩带。     

环渤海地区的地震层析成像与地壳上地幔结构

利用环渤海地区的天然地震P波到时资料,采用纬度和经度方向分别为05°×06°的网格划分,反演了该地区地壳上地幔的三维P波速度结构.初步结果表明,环渤海地区地壳上地幔的速度结构具有明显的横向不均匀性：京津唐地区地壳中上部的速度异常反映了浅表层的地质构造特征,造山带和隆起区对应于高速异常,坳陷区和沉积盆地对应于低速异常;地壳下部出现大规模的低速异常与华北地区广泛存在的高导层相对应,估计与壳内的滑脱层和局部熔融、岩浆活动有关;莫霍面附近的速度异常反映了地壳厚度的变化及壳幔边界附近热状态的差异;上地幔顶部大范围的低速异常可能是上地幔软流层热物质大规模上涌所致.