The abnormal mantle and deep tectonic process in the southern region of North China Plain

ＴｈｅａｂｎｏｒｍａｌｍａｎｔｌｅａｎｄｄｅｅｐｔｅｃｔｏｎｉｃｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｒｅｇｉｏｎｏｆＮｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａＰｌａｉｎＳｈｉ－ＹｕＧＡＯ（高世玉），Ｈｏｎｇ－ＸｉａｎｇＨＵ（胡鸿翔）ａｎｄＳｈａｎＤＩＮＧ（丁山）（Ｉｎ...     

豫北及其外围地区地壳上地幔结构研究

利用菏泽～长治和郑州～济南深地震测深剖面资料，进行了一维、二维射线追踪走时拟合与合成地震图计算，获得了该区地壳上地幔速度结构。结果表明，地壳上地幔速度结构在纵向和横向上具有明显的不均一性。浅部断裂较发育，对应其地壳深部界面和速度等值线起伏变化较明显。在华北坳陷区南部上地幔隆起的背景上存在两个局部凸起，凸起最高处与浅部的东濮凹陷、汤阴地堑基本对应，Ｍ面埋深分别约３１ｋｍ和３４ｋｍ     

第二影区地震震相到时特征变化浅析

运用国家台甚宽和超宽频带地震计记录的波形数据,对震中距介于105°～128°(即第二影区)的地震波形进行仿真处理,分析各台站地震波由地幔传播到核幔交界面时,各震相记录特征发生的变化.结果表明,当震中距增大到105°左右时,地震波进入到核幔过渡带这一复杂的低速层中,地震波能量衰减加快;P波与Pdif波震相未表现出明显的分...     

华南陆缘高热流区的壳幔温度结构与动力学背景

华南陆缘是我国重要的矿产、地热资源区.晚中生代以来,在太平洋板块西向俯冲,地幔热对流活动共同作用下,该区出现多期岩浆-热事件和大规模爆发式成矿作用.在前人研究基础上,本文利用地表热流观测资料、地震剪切波资料、重力位球谐系数,计算了壳-幔温度结构,分析了动力学背景.计算结果表明：华南陆缘东南沿海地带,地壳10 km以浅温度达200℃以上,居里点温度475℃,莫霍面平均温度550℃.地壳浅层较热,花岗岩中放射性元素衰变放热是地壳浅层地下水热活动的重要热源,但地壳总体温度不高,为"冷壳热幔"型热结构.地幔中,90 km深度,温度950~1250℃;120 km深度,温度1050~1400℃;150 km深度,温度1200~1450℃;220 km深度,温度1500~1700℃."热"岩石圈底界深度在110~150 km之间,西深东浅.岩石圈内,地幔应力场为挤压-伸展相间格局;岩石圈之下,地幔应力场为一个以南昌为中心、长轴NE-SW向的椭圆.分析认为,晚中生代以来,太平洋板块的西向俯冲,导致华南陆缘在区域性SE向地幔对流背景上叠加局域性不稳定热扰动,在175~85Ma期间,上地幔物质向上流动,形成不同的岩浆活动高峰期.同时,岩石圈地幔受俯冲洋壳流体的影响,含水量高,黏度小,在地幔流切向应力场作用下,岩石圈底界由西向东"波浪"状减薄.现今岩石圈之下仍具备地幔小尺度热对流温度条件,但除地表浅层外,地壳整体温度不高,岩石圈构造稳定.     

大同 阳高震区及其邻区壳幔速度结构与深部构造

利用通过本区６条宽角反射／折射剖面资料对大同 阳高震区及邻区地壳上地幔速度结构与构造进行了详细的研究。结果表明,地壳上地幔速度结构与构造在纵向和横向上具有明显的不均一性。浅部基底断裂发育,而在其深部,根据波组特征、壳内界面及速度等值线起伏变化和低速异常体的边界等推测有３处地壳深断裂带。本区最明显的上地壳低速体位于大同—阳原附近,其南界存在地壳深断裂,大同 阳高地震群与该低速异常体和深断裂有关     

Upper mantle seismic anisotropy beneath a convergent boundary: SKS waveform modeling in central Tibet

This study used SKS waveforms from the International Deep Profiling of Tibet and the Himalayas (INDEPTH) III dataset and a new 2D method for modeling seismic waves in anisotropic media to construct an image of anisotropic structures beneath central Tibet. A preferred model revealed three-segment anisotropic structures in the upper mantle beneath the study region. Waveform modeling demonstrated that the anisotropy was mainly generated by the lithosphere but not the asthenosphere, and that an anisotropic model with a flatter axis of symmetry provides a more consistent interpretation of the observations than models having steeply dipping symmetry axes. A relatively low velocity zone may underlie or intermingle with the anisotropic structures in the northern portion of the region. Synthetic tests also indicate that variations in the elastic constants and depth extent of the anisotropy assumed by the calculations do not affect the general conclusions, although trade-offs exist among certain model parameters. The modeling results suggest that the complex seismic structures in central Tibet were associated with underthrusting of the Indian lithosphere beneath the Asian lithosphere; the inferred flat symmetry axis of the anisotropy was likely generated during this collision process. If this were not the case, the inherited anisotropy would exhibit a steeply dipping axis of symmetry, parallel to the direction of underthrusting.     

Deep xenoliths in alkalic porphyry, Liuhe, Yunnan, and implications to petrogenesis of alkalic porphyry and associated mineralizations

Na-rich microlite-glass is first discovered in deep-source xenoliths in alkali-rich porphyry, Liuhe village, Heqing County, Yunnan Province. It is shown that the ultramafic xenoliths originated from partial melting of primary mantle and the glass resulted from metasomatism between the xenoliths and mantle fluid derived from mantle degassing. Mantle metasomatism not only resulted in the enrichment of alkaline, large-ion elements, ore metals and volatiles but also created a favorable condition for the generation of alkaline magmas. The mantle xenoliths and their characteristics of mantle metasomatism provide important evidence for a better understanding of the petrogenesis and mineralization of the Cenozoic alkali-rich porphyry in western Yunnan.     

Progress in studies on the structure and physical properties of the mantle in China

The studies on the structure and physical properties of the mantle by Chinese geophysicists from 2003 to 2007 are reviewed in this report. It mainly contains studies on the seismic velocity structure of the mantle,anisotropy of the mantle,mantle discontinuities,mantle convection and the physical properties of mantle. The review concerns mainly the contents,the methods used and the results of the studies. It can be found that new progress in the study on the structure and physical properties of mantle has been made in the last four years in China. In some preexis-tent areas much progress has been made,advanced methods have been adopted,extensive international co-operation has been conducted in many ways,and the scope of the co-operation has gradually expanded. More-over,some new fields appear as well.     

华北及邻区地壳上地幔三维速度结构的地震走时层析成像

利用华北及邻区475个地震台站的区域地震走时资料,反演了该地区的地壳上地幔三维P波和S波速度结构。地震走时的计算用近似弯曲射线追踪方法,三维速度模型的反演用LSQR算法。用检测板方法对走时数据进行成像分辨率分析,结果表明反演模型在水平方向上以0.5°×0.5°的节点分布,垂直方向上以1km、10km、25km、42km、60km为节点作网格划分是合理的。研究区域内,秦岭—大别造山带两侧的华北块体与扬子块体有不同的速度异常特征：华北块体地壳速度结构复杂,而扬子块体则相对简单。华北块体地壳内存在较明显的低速异常,而扬子块体则正常或高速异常。自中新生代以来华北块体地壳经历挤压到伸展的强烈变形,而扬子块体相对稳定。华北块体的构造活动依然强烈,表现为频繁的地震活动。华北地块地壳速度结构的主要特征是：①主要构造带（如燕山构造带、太行山山前构造带、汾渭构造带、郯庐断裂带以及秦岭-大别构造带）位于地壳上地幔的低速或高低速过渡区内;②在唐山及附近地区25 km、42 km和60 km深处连续的低速异常,可能意味着上地幔热的物质上涌,到达上地壳的下部后停止上升过程。     

Simulation of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens using the ash-tracking model PUFF

The dispersal of volcanic ash from the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens (MSH) has been simulated using the Lagrangian ash-tracking model PUFF. Previous applications of the model were limited to smaller, short-lived eruptions with ash dispersal occurring mainly within the troposphere. Two high-resolution atmospheric reanalysis datasets (ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR-40) allowed MSH ash cloud dispersal to be simulated up to 30 km elevation. The 1980 eruption was divided into two distinct eruptive phases, (1) an initial, relatively short-lived blast/surge phase that injected ash up to 30 km and (2) a subsequent nine-hour plinian phase that maintained an average eruption column height of 16 km. Using PUFF, the two phases of the MSH eruption were modeled separately based on a range of individual input parameters and then combined to produce an integrated simulation of the entire eruption. The trajectory and areal extent of the modeled atmospheric ash cloud best match the actual distribution of MSH ash when input parameters are set to values inferred from satellite and radar data collected on May 18, 1980. The prevailing wind field exerts the strongest control on the advection and ultimate position of the modeled ash cloud, making the maximum column height and the vertical distribution of ash the most sensitive of the PUFF input parameters for this event. The results indicate that the PUFF model works well at simulating the dispersal of ash injected well into the lower stratosphere from a moderate, relatively long-lived eruption, such as MSH. However, attempts to use PUFF to recreate some granulometric aspects of the MSH fallout deposit, such as the maximum particle size as a function of distance from source, were not successful. PUFF consistently predicts much greater fallout distances for small ash particles (< 500 µm) than actually observed in the MSH deposit. The effective settling velocities used by the PUFF model appear to be too slow to accurately predict fallout distances of small ash particles. As a consequence the PUFF model may overestimate the duration of ash loading in the atmosphere associated with the distal fine ash component of explosive eruptions.