藏南特提斯喜马拉雅带内江孜-康马地区白垩纪多期基性岩浆作用

在特提斯喜马拉雅带东部江孜-康马一带发育大量近东西向展布的辉绿岩体/墙,研究表明这些基性岩至少可分为三期:(1)形成于~140Ma的辉绿岩具有OIB型地球化学特征,部分样品Sr-Nd同位素组成与其东部~132Ma错美-班布里大火成岩省中基性岩相当,部分高镁样品具有Nb-Ta负异常和Pb正异常,εNd(t)值小于0;(2)形成于~120Ma的辉绿岩显示N-MORB型地球化学特征;(3)形成于~90Ma的辉绿岩显示E-MORB型地球化学特征。后两期基性岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成均显示与印度洋MORB相关。结合同时期的Kerguelen地幔柱活动轨迹及东冈瓦纳大陆裂解事件,本文认为江孜-康马地区~140Ma基性岩代表Kerguelen地幔柱及其与上覆东冈瓦纳大陆岩石圈地幔相互作用产物,是Kerguelen地幔柱长期潜伏于东冈瓦纳大陆下的证据,在前人研究基础上将该地幔柱影响的范围从错美向西拓展了约200km;之后随着东冈瓦纳大陆裂解和印度洋的开启及扩张,印度板块逐渐北移并远离Kerguelen地幔柱,江孜-康马地区~120Ma和~90Ma两期基性岩代表新生印度洋软流圈部分熔融的产物,与Kerguelen地幔柱无关。该区识别出的三期基性岩浆活动表明:特提斯喜马拉雅带的东部在白垩纪经历了与东冈瓦纳大陆裂解、印度洋的开启和扩张相关的多期基性岩浆活动。这些基性岩为深入了解和限定特提斯喜马拉雅带自140Ma以来的古地理位置和构造演化过程提供了新的岩石记录和时间坐标。     

Contrasting rifted margin styles south of Greenland: implications for mantle plume dynamics

We present new and reprocessed seismic reflection data from the area where the southeast and southwest Greenland margins intersected to form a triple junction south of Greenland in the early Tertiary. During breakup at 56 Ma, thick igneous crust was accreted along the entire 1300-km-long southeast Greenland margin from the Greenland Iceland Ridge to, and possibly 100 km beyond, the triple junction into the Labrador Sea. However, highly extended and thin crust 250 km to the west of the triple junction suggests that magmatically starved crustal formation occurred on the southwest Greenland margin at the same time. Thus, a transition from a volcanic to a non-volcanic margin over only 100–200 km is observed. Magmatism related to the impact of the Iceland plume below the North Atlantic around 61 Ma is known from central-west and southeast Greenland. The new seismic data also suggest the presence of a small volcanic plateau of similar age close to the triple junction. The extent of initial plume-related volcanism inferred from these observations is explained by a model of lateral flow of plume material that is guided by relief at the base of the lithosphere. Plume mantle is channelled to great distances provided that significant melting does not take place. Melting causes cooling and dehydration of the plume mantle. The associated viscosity increase acts against lateral flow and restricts plume material to its point of entry into an actively spreading rift. We further suggest that thick Archaean lithosphere blocked direct flow of plume material into the magma-starved southwest Greenland margin while the plume was free to flow into the central west and east Greenland margins. The model is consistent with a plume layer that is only moderately hotter, 100–200°C, than ambient mantle temperature, and has a thickness comparable to lithospheric thickness variations, 50–100 km. Lithospheric architecture, the timing of continental rifting and viscosity changes due to melting of the plume material are therefore critical parameters for understanding the distribution of magmatism.     

藏北羌塘南部冈玛错地区展金组玄武岩的成因及其构造意义

羌塘南部地区大面积出露玄武岩、基性岩墙等基性岩类,区域上它们沿龙木错—双湖—澜沧江板块缝合带南侧展布。已有较多的研究报道认为基性岩墙的时代为晚石炭世—早二叠世。玄武岩呈夹层状产出于展金组中,随着羌塘地区地质研究程度的不断提高,玄武岩的确切时代、构造属性等已成为探讨研究区构造演化亟待解决的问题。在野外观察的基础上,选择羌塘南部典型的玄武岩进行地球化学研究。玄武岩属于碱性系列岩石,富集Ti和Fe;轻稀土元素富集,轻、重稀土分异明显;在构造环境判别图解上,主要投在板内环境区域;总体表现出与地幔柱成因同类岩石相似的特点。对玄武岩的研究,为羌塘南部晚古生代地幔柱的存在提供了有力的证据。     

Three-dimensional thermal structure of the Chinese continental crust and upper mantle

We invert S-wave velocities for the 3D upper-mantle temperatures, in which the position with a temperature crossing the 1300℃ adiabat is corresponding to the top of the seismic low velocity zone. The temperatures down to the depth of 80 km are then calculated by solving steady-state thermal conduction equation with the constraints of the inverted upper-mantle temperatures and the surface temperatures, and then surface heat flows are calculated from the crustal temperatures. The misfit between the calculated and observed surface heat flow is smaller than 20% for most regions. The result shows that, at a depth of 25 km, the crustal temperature of eastern China (500―600℃) is higher than that of western China (<500℃). At a depth of 100 km, temperatures beneath eastern and southeastern China are higher than the adiabatic temperature of 1300℃, while that beneath west China is lower. The Tarim craton and the Sichuan basin show generally low temperature. At a depth of 150 km, temperatures beneath south China, eastern Yangtze craton, North China craton and around the Qiangtang terrane are higher than the adiabatic temperature of 1300℃, but is the lowest beneath the Sichuan basin and the regions near the Indian-Eurasian collision zone. At a depth of 200 km, very low temperature occurs beneath the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the south to the Tarim craton.     

中国东部岩石圈地幔的富化和置换过程

中国东部大陆主要由华北和华南两个古老地块在早中生代沿秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带拼合形成,在显生宙特别是晚中生代时,东部大陆特别是华北东部发生显著活化,表现为浅部强烈的构造变形、盆地形成、岩浆活动、巨量成矿和深部岩石圈地幔的改造、减薄和增生作用,从而明显区别于全球其他稳定的克拉通地区。本文梳理了中国东部大陆演化历史和岩石圈地幔特征,认为华北和华南地块均由古老陆块拼合而成,块体初始规模小且内部发育薄弱带;显生宙以来华北、华南甚至整个中国东部都受到周边多个构造域的夹持影响,板片俯冲引起的软流圈上涌和熔流体活动沿大陆内部薄弱带和边缘有效侵蚀、改造上覆大陆岩石圈,使之发生减薄、再富集和置换作用,这种被改造的岩石圈地幔具有饱满的组成(富含玄武质组分)、较高的密度和较低的刚性程度,容易发生构造变形和部分熔融,使原本稳定的克拉通发生活化。因此,块体规模和内部薄弱带(内因)及周边构造环境(外因)是大陆稳定性的重要控制因素,中国东部大陆显生宙活化是这些因素协同作用的结果。     

远震剪切波分裂研究华南西南部上地幔各向异性特征

华南板块由扬子克拉通和华夏地块在新元古代碰撞拼合形成, 其西南部的缝合带位置存在强烈争议.本文基于一条南北向宽频带流动台阵天然地震数据, 利用SKS波分裂研究华南西南部上地幔各向异性特征的南北向变化.分裂测量结果显示, 26°N以南的右江盆地快波偏振方向为E-W或NEE-SWW方向, 分裂时差为0.5~2.5 s, 变化范围较大; 川东褶皱带存在较多空解, 快波偏振方向以近东西向为主, 分裂时差在0.5~1.5 s范围内变化; 在右江盆地北缘和川东褶皱带的过渡区域(约26°N附近)各向异性明显较弱.结合前人的上地幔速度成像结果, 我们认为川东褶皱带与右江盆地过渡带是扬子克拉通的南边界, 在其下方北侧的川东褶皱带巨厚的岩石圈向南转变成较薄的岩石圈, 陡变的岩石圈边界引起了软流圈上涌, 软流圈的垂向运动导致其水平方位各向异性较弱.

     

Oceanic ridge off-axis deep structure in the Mansah region (Sumail massif,Oman ophiolite)

Large scale structural mapping of the Oman ophiolite indicates that the Mansah area (Sumail massif) was a ridge off-axis region at the time the ophiolite was detached. This paper presents a detailed structural mapping of the region. We show that, as opposed to other off-axis areas, it contains plunging lineations, correlated with a thick Moho transition zone and chromite pods, indicative of a mantle diapir. However this diapir has a discontinuous structure, it is bounded by shear zones and types of diabases that are not found elsewhere in Oman; it also has a broken crust, strongly affected by hydrothermal alteration. This suggests that Mansah fossilized an off-axis diapir intruding a cooling lithosphere. It may be a good candidate to be the root of an off-axis seamount such as those found in the East Pacific, and may bring new insights into this particular volcanism which we are only beginning to explore.     

Metasomatism and sulfide mobility in lithospheric mantle beneath eastern Australia: Implications for mantle Re–Os chronology

Spinel lherzolite xenoliths from Tertiary basaltic host magmas at Allyn River, eastern Australia reveal two distinct petrographic and geochemical types. One group is distinguished by xenoliths with undeformed, equilibrated microstructures and interstitial melt patches; The second group shows deformation and contains abundant fluid inclusions but no melt patches. Trace-element signatures of clinopyroxene in these xenoliths provide evidence for metasomatism by a silicate agent with hydrous component and by a carbonate-rich agent respectively.

Melt patches in the undeformed xenoliths contain secondary minerals including clinopyroxene, olivine, feldspar, Mg- and Ca-rich carbonate, apatite, ilmenite and spinel. They are interpreted to represent volatile-rich melt captured shortly prior to entrainment in the host basalt. Sulfide globules, now recrystallised to discrete sulfide phases but inferred to be molten at lithospheric mantle T and P, are closely associated with the melt patches. The close association between sulfide and highly mobile, volatile-bearing fluid has important implications for the mobility of Re and Os, the use of their isotopes in dating mantle events, and the possible effect of volatile-bearing metasomatic agents on their composition.     

海南岛蓬莱地区超镁铁岩包体及其寄主玄武岩的研究

蓬莱地区寄主玄武岩为晚第三纪火山喷发的产物,主要岩石为碧玄岩,碱性橄榄玄武岩和橄榄玄武岩,其中含有超镁铁岩包体。寄主玄武岩属碱性系列,是地幔橄榄岩低度部分熔融的产物。超镁铁岩包体具有局部熔融的迹象和弱亏损型地幔岩的特征,推测为上地幔橄榄岩低度部分熔融后的难熔残余。