MT约束的青藏高原东南缘上地幔热结构研究——以兰坪—贵阳剖面为例

青藏高原东南缘是青藏高原软弱物质运移的关键位置,研究其深部结构有助于理解青藏高原的扩张机制.本文利用穿过青藏高原东南缘的一条起始于兰坪—思茅块体,穿过川滇菱形块体,终止于华南块体的长约750 km的大地电磁测深（MT）剖面的电阻率结构,基于上地幔矿物和熔融体温度与电导率的关系,获得了研究区上地幔温度结构与熔融百分比分布.结果表明,采用随深度变化的含水熔融上地幔矿物组分模型才能合理地获得整个上地幔温度;上地幔全岩含水量约4.69（40 km深度）~0.13 wt%（150 km深度）,矿物熔融百分比约0~1.4%之间,并在70 km深度附近出现了较明显的局部熔融带;上地幔温度位于400~1300℃之间,随深度加深而逐渐增加;70 km以浅的温度表现出相对强烈的横向变化,且川滇和兰坪—思茅块体的上地幔温度和矿物熔融百分比的深度平均值明显高于华南块体.

     

Mantle Mush Compaction: a Key to Understand the Mechanisms of Concentration of Kimberlite Melts and Initiation of Swarms of Kimberlite Dykes

Kimberlite pipes or dykes tend to occur in clusters (a few kilometresin diameter) within fields 30–50 km in diameter. Theyare generally considered to originate from low degrees of partialmelting of carbonated peridotite within zones of ascending mantle.Numerical modelling shows that at the depth of formation ofkimberlite melts (>>200 km), mantle compaction processescan result in the formation of melt pockets a few tens of kilometresacross, with melt concentrations up to 7%. The initiation ofswarms of kimberlite dykes at the top of these melt pocketsis inevitable because of the large excess pressure between themelt and the surrounding solid, which exceeds the hydraulicfracturing limit of the overlying rocks. After their initiationat mantle depth the swarm of dykes may reach the surface ofthe Earth when the entire cratonic lithosphere column is inextension. We propose that kimberlite fields represent the surfaceenvelope of dyke swarms generated inside a melt pocket and thatkimberlite clusters represent the discharge of melt via dykesoriginating from sub-regions of the pocket. This model reproducesthe worldwide average diameter of kimberlite fields and is consistentwith the observation that some of the main kimberlite fieldsdisplay age ranges of c. 10 Myr. It is deduced that, at thescale of the Kaapvaal craton, different fields such as Kimberley,N. Lesotho and Orapa, dated at 80–90 Ma, probably resultfrom synchronous melt pockets forming inside an ascending mantleflow. The same model could apply to the fields of the Rietfontein,Central Cape and Gibeon districts dated at 60–70 Ma. Itis suggested that the same mantle flow that produced the Kimberley,N. Lesotho and Orapa fields migrated over 20–30 Myr afew hundred kilometres westward to form the Rietfontein, CentralCape and Gibeon fields. KEY WORDS: kimberlites; mantle; compaction; convection; volcanism     

用接收函数方法研究中国及邻区上地幔间断面的埋藏深度

使用中国及邻区的18个数字化地震台的宽频带三分向远震记录图,筛选计算得到了263条径向接收函数,并拾取了在41Okm和660km间断面上的透射转换震相P4S、P660S与P波的到时差.通过调整各台站之下的速度模型中这两个间断面的深度,使理论接收函数的P4S、P660S与P波的到时差与观测值相符,最终确定这两个间断面的实际埋藏深度.结果表明,各台站之下4km间断面的平均深度为403km,具有明显的横向不均匀性和区域性,其中北京台、西安台、兰州台和恩施台等的埋藏深度较浅,琼中台、CHTO等台较深.660km间断面的平均埋藏深度为663km,也存在明显的横向不均匀性,其中牡丹江台和MAJO台的较深,琼中台和HYB台的较浅.     

Shear sense inversion in the Hilti mantle section (Oman ophiolite) and active mantle uprise

Structural analyses in the well-exposed Hilti mantle section in the Oman ophiolite suggest a model of forceful horizontal flow in the uppermost mantle at the edge of a diapir below a oceanic spreading center. Detailed structural mapping, focussed on high-T deformation (i.e., asthenospheric flow), revealed a gently undulated flat structure with a uniform east-west flow direction. When it is related to the N–S to NNW–SSE trending, vertical sheeted dike complex located to the east, this mantle flow is parallel to the spreading direction. Because the Moho is so flat lying, a large dunite occurrence at the south-western region is possibly ascribed to the Moho Transition Zone. Kinematic analysis shows that the shear direction generally changes from top-to-the west in the upper level, to top-to-the east in the lower level with respect to the Moho. This shear sense inversion is explained by a model of forceful flow due to an active mantle uprise and it is not compatible with a passive mantle uprise. In the plan section, the boundary of the shear sense inversion is subparallel to the flow direction and subperpendicular to the spreading axis. In cross section, the boundary appears to occur at various depths in the range of 200 m to 500 m. It shows that the active mantle uprise in the diapir center resulted in a channelled horizontal flow.     

大陆下地壳拆沉模式初探

下地壳拆沉是人们关注的问题,文中指出下地壳拆沉必须满足至少三个条件：（1）地壳加厚使其下部达到熘辉岩相是拆沉的前提.（2）大规模岩浆活动使大量低密度的中酸性物质移出下地壳,使下地壳密度增加直至超过下伏地幔.由于下地壳榴辉岩石部分熔融所形成的岩浆具有埃达克岩的地球化学特征,因此,大规模魂达克岩的熔出是下地壳拆沉的先决和必要条件.（3）岩石圈地幔转化为软流圈地幔,使下地壳能够进入地幔.陆壳下的岩石圈地幔原先是冷的、刚性的和不易流动的,如果有热和水的加入,可以被软化,使其变成热的、塑性的和易流动的软流圈地幔。因此,岩石圈了幔转化为软流圈地幔是下地壳拆沉的必要条件。作者认为,下地壳不大可能整体拆沉,而很可能是一块一块如飘雪花似地拆沉。如果下地壳的密度降低（低于下伏地幔）,如果地幔停止热的供给,如果陆壳底部的软流圈地幔幔又恢复为岩石圈地幔,拆沉即终止。文中讨论了中国东部中生代下地壳拆沉的可能性,探讨了岩石圈减薄的机制,认为下地壳不需要也不可能与岩石圈地幔一道拆况。     

Anelastic structure of the upper mantle beneath the northern Philippine Sea

We investigated the upper mantle anelastic structure beneath the northern Philippine Sea region, including the Izu-Bonin subduction zone and the Shikoku Basin. We used regional waveform data from 69 events in the Pacific and the Philippine Sea slabs, recorded on F-net and J-array network broadband stations in western Japan. Using the S–P phase pair method, we obtained differential attenuation factors, δt^*, which represent the relative whole path Q. We conducted a tomographic inversion using 978 δt^* values to invert for a fine-scale (50–100 km) three-dimensional anelastic structure.

The results shows two high-Q regions (Q_P>1000) which are consistent with the locations of the Pacific and the Philippine Sea slabs. Also there is a low-Q (Q_P110) area extending to the deeper parts (350–400 km) of the model just beneath the old spreading center and the Kinan Seamount Chain in the Shikoku Basin. A small depth dependence of the laterally averaged Q_P was found, with values of 266 (0–250 km), 301 (250–400 km), and 413 (400–500 km).     

青藏高原东北缘上地幔地震各向异性:来自SKS、PKS和SKKS震相分裂的证据

基于青藏高原东北缘甘肃区域台网41个宽频带地震台站的远震记录资料,通过PKS、SKS和SKKS震相的剪切波分裂分析,获取了台站下方介质的各向异性分裂参数,得到该地区上地幔各向异性分布图像,并结合GPS速度场和地壳剪切波各向异性分析青藏高原东北缘各向异性形成机制及壳幔各向异性特征.分析结果认为,在阿尔金断裂带西侧,各向异性快波偏振呈NWW-SEE方向,与断裂带走向有一定夹角,与塔里木盆地向柴达木盆地俯冲方向一致,说明该地区上地幔物质变形主要受古构造运动的影响,属于"化石"各向异性.在祁连山-河西走廊构造区,XKS快波偏振呈NW-SE方向,一致性较好,与区域断层走向方向相同;由区域小震的地壳剪切波分裂分析得到的地壳剪切波快波偏振在该区域呈NE-SW方向,与相对于稳定欧亚大陆GPS运动速率一致,地壳和地幔快波偏振方向的差异表明壳幔变形可能有不同的形变机制.在陇中盆地及其周缘,由于处于活跃青藏地块与稳定鄂尔多斯地块之间的过渡带,相对于其他区域具有更加复杂的构造背景,地壳快波偏振和地幔快波偏振总体上呈NWW-SEE方向,说明壳幔变形机制可能相同;但不同台站结果之间存在一定离散性,推测是由于受局部构造特征差异性造成.     

广西姑婆山地区钨锡矿床地质特征及幔源物质参与成矿显示

姑婆山地区钨锡矿床位于南岭钨锡成矿带西南缘,是我国重要的钨锡产地。区内有新路、水岩坝和珊瑚三个钨锡矿田,矿床类型多样。其中,锡锌硫化物型、黑钨石英脉型和钨锡石英脉型矿床较为典型,区内钨锡成矿与壳幔混源型花岗岩体和断裂关系密切。笔者在前人工作基础上,总结了区内主要钨锡矿田和典型矿床地质特征,认为钨锡矿化在空间上具有一定的分带性;通过对区内构造和矿床的D-O同位素、H e-A r同位素、Pb同位素、S同位素及流体包裹体分析,认为深大断裂可能为幔源物质上侵提供了通道,钨锡成矿与岩浆作用关系密切,幔源物质参与了区内钨锡成矿。     

云南马厂箐岩体中深源包体特征及其锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb年龄

马厂箐岩体属于滇西富碱侵入岩的重要组成部分,在马厂箐岩体中发现了镁铁质暗色深源包体,这对于研究滇西富碱侵入岩带的起源、演化、成岩成矿作用以及区域地球动力学机制具有重要意义。本文基于对深源包体地质特征研究,通过开展LA-ICPMSU-Pb锆石定年,得到花岗斑岩中镁铁质深源包体锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为35.13±0.23Ma(MSWD=0.64),与其寄主岩花岗斑岩年龄(35.0±0.2Ma)和(似)斑状花岗岩年龄(33.78±0.21Ma)较为一致,结合深源包体及其寄主岩锆石的Th/U比值及Ti温度计特征,证明了包体的岩浆混合成因。分析认为:马厂箐富碱侵入岩体为壳源岩浆与幔源岩浆混合作用的产物;包体与其寄主岩具有相同或相似的岩浆演化过程;35Ma左右存在幔源岩浆的底侵注入,幔源岩浆的注入混合可能是这套岩浆成矿的关键。