Controls on clay minerals assemblages in an early paleogene nonmarine succession: Implications for the volcanic and paleoclimatic record of extra-andean patagonia,Argentina

The distribution of the clay minerals of the Banco Negro Inferior-Río Chico Group succession (BNI-RC), a middle Danian–middle Eocene mainly continental epiclastic–pyroclastic succession exposed in the Golfo San Jorge Basin, extra-Andean Patagonia (∼46° LS), is assessed in order to determine the possible origin of clay and specific non-clay minerals using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The control over the clay mineralogy of the sedimentary settings, contemporary volcanism, paleoclimate and weathering conditions is considered. A paleoclimatic reconstruction is provided and correlated with the main global warming events that occurred during the early Paleogene.Mineralogical analyses of BNI-RC demonstrate that smectite and kaolin minerals (kaolinite, halloysite and kaolinite/smectite mixed layers) are the main clay minerals, whereas silica polymorphs (volcanic glass and opal) are common non-clay minerals. Throughout the succession, smectite and kaolin minerals are arranged in different proportions in the three clay–mineral assemblages. These show a general vertical trend in which the smectite-dominated assemblage (S1) is replaced by the smectite-dominated assemblage associated with other clays (S2) and the kaolinite-dominated assemblage (K), and finally by S2 up-section. The detailed micromorphological analysis of the clay and non-clay minerals allows us to establish that the origins of these are by volcanic ash weathering, authigenic and pedogenic, and that different stages in the evolution of mineral transformations have occurred.The supply of labile pyroclastic material from an active volcanic area located to the northwest of the study area could have acted as precursor of the authigenic and volcanogenic minerals of the analyzed succession. Diverse fine-grained lithological facies (muddy and tuffaceous facies) and sedimentary settings (coastal swamp and transitional environments, and different fluvial systems) together with variable climate and weathering conditions controlled the mineralogical transformations and the arrangement of clay–mineral assemblages. The paleoclimatic reconstruction suggests a general warm and humid climate. However, the temporal trend of the clay–mineral assemblages, the ratios between smectite and kaolinite and the micromorphological analysis of clay minerals contrasted with evidence from sedimentological analyses suggest a warm and seasonal climate for the basal part of the unit, a warm and humid climate with a relatively more perennial rainfall regime in the middle part of the unit, and a warm and less humid, probably subhumid, climate up-section. Such a reconstruction makes it possible to establish a correlation with some of the hyperthermal events of the Early Paleogene Global Warming (EPGW) and, consequently, constitute one of the most complete time records of the EPGW in South America.     

轻矿物物源分析研究进展

文章对Dickinson图解、石英阴极发光、石英氧同位素在物源分析方面的研究进展进行了综述,探讨目前存在的问题和未来的发展趋势。Dickinson图解的使用必须建立在Gazzi-Dickinson计数法、三级流域采样、杂基含量25%、没有遭受强烈风化作用、多图解配合使用等前提条件下,同时存在粒度分异、岩屑分类简单、成岩蚀变、不同构造环境的时空过渡与重叠、统计误差等一系列问题。除阴极发光为深红色的变质岩石英可区分外,火山岩与侵入岩石英、变质岩与岩浆岩石英、侵入岩与热液石英的阴极发光光谱均存在重叠,其结果并不可靠。与扫描电镜(SEM)结合,进行CL/SEM组构分析,并与传统显微光学特征对比,可识别不同成因类型的石英。通过石英氧同位素,可区分沉积自生石英与岩浆石英,而变质石英形成条件复杂,其氧同位素变化大,与岩浆石英和沉积自生石英的氧同位素均存在交集。碎屑岩成分受源岩、化学风化、机械磨蚀、水动力分选、自生矿物和成岩作用等因素的影响,反演源岩成分需要排除其它因素的干扰。利用现代环境进行各影响因素的正演分析,同时结合其它方法(如碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄、Nd同位素等)的优势,才能全面、准确的解释物源。     

基于混合像元分解的高植被覆盖区蚀变信息提取——以福建上杭紫金山矿田为例

福建上杭紫金山矿田地处武夷山成矿带南端,该区域高植被覆盖严重阻碍了与成矿有关的矿化蚀变信息的提取。针对植被的严重干扰和混合像元影响,应用混合像元分解技术去除植被干扰,消除植被端元影响,增强非植被信息,结合主成分法提取与矿化有关的蚀变信息。经与区域地质资料对比表明,混合像元分解结合主成分分析方法取得了很好的应用效果。     

豫西成矿带嵩箕地区铅族矿物自然重砂异常及其找矿意义

采用自然重砂数据库系统(ZSAPS2.0)对河南省1∶20万自然重砂测量数据进行综合分析,在嵩箕成矿亚区圈出了9个铅族矿物自然重砂异常,其中3个为Ⅱ级异常,6个为Ⅲ级异常。这些异常的矿物组成相对简单,以铅族矿物为主,伴生有铜族矿物及少量锌族矿物和辰砂、雄黄、雌黄、自然金等,异常主要分布于下古生界寒武系碳酸盐岩地层区,与已有矿点的矿物组合对比表明,异常由寒武系碳酸盐岩中MVT型铅锌矿引起,对该区找矿有重要的指示意义。     

河北平原区煤炭勘查中的多矿种兼探

煤炭勘查区实行多资源多矿种综合兼探,一是与煤共伴生矿种的勘查,二是与煤不同地质时代的层叠型矿种的勘查,实现气、液、固态矿种的三维立体式综合勘查。河北平原区煤炭勘查以石炭-二叠系煤层为主,其上覆盖有多时代的地层且含矿丰富,建议利用煤炭勘查钻孔同步进行多资源多矿种统一勘查,或煤铝兼探、煤铀兼探、盐卤兼探、煤层气页岩气兼探、热气兼探等,以拓宽煤炭地质找矿方向。     

青藏高原盐湖资源的开发利用

本文首先介绍了青藏高原盐湖的基本概况,分布特征;重点叙述了该区盐湖自然资源的类型、盐类沉积矿物组合,卤水的水化学成分,盐湖资源的规模和开发利用现状;提出了今后开发利用盐湖资源的方向和途径。     

成矿流体活动的同位素定年方法评述

直接测定热液矿物的同位纱年龄乃是地质学家多年的梦想,矿床研究的关键问题之一就是和相对于围岩的时间关系,如果对一个矿床成矿时代的认识发生了改变,则与成矿过程相联系的地质事件和环境条件也就发生了改变,与此相关的成矿规律也会随之改变,本文试图对成矿流体活动和直接精确定年这一领域的研究现状,各种同位素定年方法目前存在的主要问题,以及今后的发展趋势进行综合评述,文章首先集中介绍目前研究最高的Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时线     

Provenance and geochronology of Cenozoic sandstones of northern Borneo

The Crocker Fan of Sabah was deposited during subduction of the Proto-South China Sea between the Eocene and Early Miocene. Collision of South China microcontinental blocks with Borneo in the Early Miocene terminated deep water sedimentation and resulted in the major regional Top Crocker Unconformity (TCU). Sedimentation of fluvio-deltaic and shallow marine character resumed in the late Early Miocene. The Crocker Fan sandstones were derived from nearby sources in Borneo and nearby SE Asia, rather than distant Asian and Himalayan sources. The Crocker Fan sandstones have a mature composition, but their textures and heavy mineralogy indicate they are first-cycle sandstones, mostly derived from nearby granitic source rocks, with some input of metamorphic, sedimentary and ophiolitic material. The discrepancy between compositional maturity and textural immaturity is attributed to the effects of tropical weathering. U–Pb ages of detrital zircons are predominantly Mesozoic. In the Eocene sandstones Cretaceous zircons dominate and suggest derivation from granites of the Schwaner Mountains of southern Borneo. In Oligocene sandstones Permian–Triassic and Palaeoproterozoic zircons become more important, and are interpreted to be derived from Permian–Triassic granites and Proterozoic basement of the Malay Tin Belt. Miocene fluvio-deltaic and shallow marine sandstones above the TCU were mostly recycled from the deformed Crocker Fan in the rising central mountain range of Borneo. The provenance of the Tajau Sandstone Member of the Lower Miocene Kudat Formation in north Sabah is strikingly different from other Miocene and older sandstones. Sediment was derived mainly from granitic and high-grade metamorphic source rocks. No such rocks existed in Borneo during the Early Miocene, but potential sources are present on Palawan, to the north of Borneo. They represent continental crust from South China and subduction-related metamorphic rocks which formed an elevated region in the Early Miocene which briefly supplied sediment to north Sabah.     

膏盐在金顶铅锌矿成矿中的作用：硫和锶同位素证据

云南金顶铅锌、天青石、石膏和硫铁矿超大型复合矿床位于兰坪盆地的北缘,矿床中富含沥青和重油等有机质和膏盐类矿物。大部分硬石膏和石膏的δ34SV-CDT集中分布在+12‰~+16‰之间,与三叠纪末期海洋硫酸盐的δ34SV-CDT值+15‰相近;天青石的δ34SV-CDT较为离散,+6‰~+26‰,但在整体上围绕着硬石膏分布。除少部分早期成岩-矿化阶段形成的硫化物具有极低的生物成因特征的δ34SV-CDT以外,大部分金属硫化物的δ34SV-CDT呈现出“两段式”的分布特征,一组δ34SV-CDT集中在-12‰~-20‰区间,与石膏的δ34SV-CDT值相差约30‰;另一组δ34SV-CDT集中在-8‰~-2‰区间,与石膏的δ34SV-CDT值相差约20‰。在200℃的主成矿温度下,硫酸盐与硫化氢之间的硫同位素分馏刚好为30‰,在300℃为20‰,这与金顶矿床中石膏-硫化物之间硫同位素分布规律一致,表明矿床中的大部分硫源自有机质还原三叠纪膏盐所产生的硫化氢。当富含Pb2+、Zn2+、Sr2+等阳离子的成矿溶液与富含有机质、CO2、H2S和硫酸盐的热水溶液在推覆穹窿构造中汇合时,Pb2+、Zn2+与H2S结合生成方铅矿和闪锌矿,Sr2+与SO42-结合生成天青石。另外,矿区天青石、石膏、灰岩角砾和金属硫化物的锶同位素数据表明膏盐类矿床中的锶 (87Sr/86Sr=0.707765~0.710553)可能并非仅来自于三叠纪海相地层(87Sr/86Sr=0.70695~0.70845),而是成矿热液对各个流经地层和蒸发岩的萃取;受成矿热液中高锶同位素组成的混染,灰岩角砾岩的锶同位素组成相对于三叠纪的灰岩有明显增高。膏盐-有机质(油气)-金属硫化物矿床三位一体可能是普遍规律。     

广西凤凰山银锰矿床S-Fe-Cu-Ag-Sn系列矿物标型特征

文章通过广西凤凰山银锰矿床中Ｓ－Ｆｅ－Ｃｕ－Ａｇ－Ｓｎ系列矿物黄锡矿、含银黄锡矿、银黄锡矿、硫银锡矿的化学成分标型、标型矿物组合特征的研究，为该矿床的成因、深部隐伏银矿化、矿区及其外围的找矿提供了一定的信息。