A theoretical and experimental comparison of the anisotropies of magnetic susceptibility and remanence in rocks and minerals

Summary. Susceptibility, thermo-remanent magnetization (TRM) and isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) anisotropy ellipsoids have been determined for several rock samples. The results indicate that the ellipsoid of initial susceptibility is less anisotropic than the TRM and low field IRM ellipsoids which are found experimentally to be of identical shape. This suggests that palaeomagnetic data for anisotropic rocks may be corrected by using the anisotropy ellipsoid determined from magnetically non-destructive low field IRM measurements. Such IRM measurements can also be used to obtain anisotropy axes of samples which are inherently anisotropic but which have a susceptibility which is too weak to be accurately measured. The results for a series of artificial anisotropic samples containing magnetite particles of different sizes (in the range 0.2–90 μm) were very similar to those for the rocks. In contrast, a comparison of the susceptibility and IRM ellipsoids for anisotropic samples containing particles from a magnetic tape gave very different results in accordance with theory. Such results imply that susceptibility and IRM ellipsoids could be used to determine whether anisotropic rocks contain uniaxial single-domain particles (magnetization confined to the easy axis) or whether the particles are essentially multidomain.     

An analysis of medium losses in coal washing plants

A major operating cost in dense-medium separation is in replacement of lost medium solids. The loss of medium solids, being costly, plays a crucial role in determining the economics of any preparation operation. Coal washeries that employ dense-medium cyclones often attempt optimization of the processes by varying the vortex or the spigot diameter and the feed relative density. While these changes help in closer control of the separation process, they also result in medium losses due to changes in the medium split ratio (ratio of the medium flow rate in overflow to underflow). Since medium solids are lost by adhesion to products and as magnetic separator effluent, the effect of the change in medium split ratio on the drain-and-rinse screens and, hence, the magnetic separator circuit needs to be studied. In Tata Steel's coal washeries, at Jharkhand India, which employs primary and secondary dense-medium cyclones in series to produce clean coal, middlings and rejects, reducing the relative density of feed medium, had an insignificant effect on the medium split ratio. On the other hand, changing the cone ratio (ratio of the overflow diameter to the underflow diameter) changed the relative density and the flow rates through the cyclone outlets, thus affecting the performance of the magnetite recovery circuit.A systematic study through laboratory tests and a detailed plant sampling campaign helped in identifying the causes of magnetite loss. Upon implementation of the recommendations, the magnetite losses decreased, resulting in a saving of approximately US$27,500 per annum. The study also helped in evolving some checkpoints for plant operators for identifying magnetite losses.     

西天山敦德铁矿床磁铁矿原位LA-ICP-MS元素分析及意义

敦德铁矿床是天山成矿带内新近发现并勘查的一处大型海相火山岩型铁矿床。该矿床的矿石可划分为浸染状、稠密浸染状、条带状和块状4种主要类型。其中的条带状矿石包括磁铁矿_矽卡岩条带和磁铁矿_方解石条带2种亚类型。块状矿石内出现围岩或矽卡岩角砾时则构成角砾状矿石,其磁铁矿的成因无甚差异。根据野外观察和矿相显微研究,认为磁铁矿形成于早期矽卡岩阶段后的退化蚀变阶段,之后又被更晚的硫化物阶段和绿泥石_碳酸盐阶段的矿物叠加。敦德磁铁矿内主要发生了Al、Mn、Mg和Zn的类质同象置换,此外,也含有Ti、Si、Ca等次要元素以及Na、K、V、Cr、Ni、Co等多种可检测到的微量元素。磁铁矿内元素含量在空间上显示出直观的差异,由深部到浅部,Mn、Zn含量升高,Si、Ca、Na、K、Pb、Ba、Sr、Sb、Cu等含量降低。在Ti O2_Al2O3_Mg O图解、Ti O2_Al2O3_(Mg O+Mn O)图解和Ca+Al+Mn_Ti+V图解上,敦德磁铁矿的分析数据均投影于热液交代(矽卡岩)成因区域。综上认为,该矿床的磁铁矿可能为热液充填交代成因。     

CSAMT法张量与标量测量在已知铁矿区上的对比试验

在安徽省两个已知磁铁矿区上进行了可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)张量测量与标量测量的对比试验,根据已知地质勘探剖面进行了应用效果的对比工作。试验结果表明,在一维层状电性结构条件下,张量测量与标量测量的找矿效果相近;在电性结构复杂情况下,张量测量的找矿效果优于标量测量结果。同时,指出可CSAMT法张量测量工作需进一步探讨和亟待研究的一些问题。     

几内亚共和国Firawaya一带铁矿床地质特征及找矿标志

几内亚拥有丰富的矿产资源,目前宁巴山铁矿和西芒杜铁矿均为世界级铁矿,位于几内亚东南部,品位均达到66%~68%。本文通过对矿区地质特征的研究,确立磁铁矿的找矿标志,对指导本区域BIF型铁矿的地质找矿具有实际意义。     

磁化率各向异性的原理及应用实例

磁化率各向异性(AMS)在地质领域中的应用极为广泛,可以用来研究古流向造成的磁性矿物的定向排列,以及构造应力作用引起的岩石内磁性矿物的定向重结晶、定向排列及韧性变形。本文介绍了AMS的基本原理和参数,并并介绍了前人及作者应用AMS详细分析研究了二个实例:(1)以假多畴(MD)高钛磁铁矿为主要载磁矿物的玄武岩样品的AMS变化及其对构造运动的响应;(2)以MD磁铁矿为主要载磁矿物的湖泊沉积物样品在沉积过程中AMS变化。AMS可以灵敏地检测样品中磁性矿物的定向排列,因此在在地质领域中具有很好的应用前景。     

Geneses of Two Types of Mafic Rocks to Carry Placer‐Magnetite Ores in the Sanin Granitic Belt,SW Japan

Two types of mafic rocks from the central Sanin district, and their mafic minerals, were studied chemically and microscopically. They are classified into pyroxene‐containing gabbroid and hornblende–biotite quartz diorite. The gabbroid had higher color index but lower magnetite content; while the quartz diorite had lower color index, but higher magnetite content. The magnetite contents are also related to the amounts of hydrous mafic silicates. The gabbroic magma having pyroxene–amphibole assemblage, originated in the upper mantle, was considered essentially anhydrous, but became partly hydrous on the way to the site of solidification in the continental crust, and crystallized some magnetites with hypersthene and amphibole. The quartz dioritic magma was formed by partial melting of possibly subducting ocean‐floor basalts, once exposed to the sea‐floor then altered; thus the magmas became hydrous and oxidized originally, and precipitated abundant magnetite and hydrous mafic silicates from the early crystallization stage onward. Their weathered parts provided the most placer magnetite ores in the history.     

山东省齐河-禹城地区矽卡岩型铁矿磁铁矿元素地球化学特征及其对成矿作用的指示意义

山东省齐河-禹城地区在黄河北厚覆盖区,有明显的航磁异常和重力异常,通过系统的地质勘探工作,在深部揭露了多处铁矿床,为系统掌握研究区磁铁矿成因机制,服务于基础地质和矿产资源调查,利用EMPA对磁铁矿进行主量元素分析,以确定其成因及成矿环境特征.其中TiO2-Al2O3-MgO和(Ca十Al十Mn)-(Ti十V)成因判别图...     

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床磁铁矿稀土元素特征及其地质意义

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床是我国著名的沉积变质型铁矿床,其二矿区的磁铁富矿达大型规模,属国内之最.为探讨弓长岭铁矿床铁矿的物质来源、形成环境和富矿成因,本文以二矿区六个铁矿体的贫铁矿石和富铁矿石中磁铁矿单矿物为研究对象,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱进行了系统的稀土元素测试.结果表明,所有样品中磁铁矿的稀土元素总量(∑REEs)和Y具有非常一致的特征:稀土元素总量较低,Y/Ho比值较高;经太古界后平均澳大利亚页岩( PAAS)标准化呈现重稀土相对富集、轻稀土相对亏损的分馏模式,大部分呈现La正异常,所有样品都有明显的Eu和Y正异常,这些特征表明研究区的磁铁矿成矿物质主要来源于海底高温热液和海水;虽然磁铁矿的Ce/Ce*为0.69～ 0.97,但大多数样品缺乏真正意义的Ce负异常,这暗示其沉积于还原的海水环境;富铁矿石磁铁矿的稀土元素总量和Eu含量明显高于贫铁矿石的磁铁矿,而且含富矿的上含铁带Eu异常明显较高,表明富铁矿石磁铁矿具有更明显的热液特征,是在贫铁矿石的基础上受热液活动形成的.     

鄂东南程潮铁矿多世代叠加成矿作用:磁铁矿证据

湖北程潮铁矿是长江中下游成矿带最大的矽卡岩型铁矿床,主要产于早白垩世中酸性侵入岩与三叠系地层的接触带上。为了进一步探讨其富铁矿的形成机制,本文对该矿床中不同产状的磁铁矿和不同岩性侵入岩中的副矿物磁铁矿进行了详细的野外地质观察和显微结构分析,发现在多数磁铁矿矿石和矿化矽卡岩中均存在多世代磁铁矿矿化叠加现象。根据显微观察和BSE图像特征,程潮铁矿中热液期磁铁矿可以划分为四个世代,即Mt1、Mt2、Mt3、Mt4,其中Mt1颗粒表面不均匀,溶解-再沉淀现象明显;Mt2沿Mt1边缘生长,颗粒表面均匀,环带发育;Mt3沿Mt2边缘生长,颗粒表面均匀,环带不发育;Mt4多呈板条状或他形粒状,环带不发育。电子探针分析结果表明:同一世代不同产状或同一产状不同世代磁铁矿之间具有明显的成分差异,其中以Si、Al、Ca、Mg等含量较高的元素差异最为明显,而Ti、Cr、V、Zn、Ni等含量较低的元素差异则相对较小。这些差异性可能与磁铁矿结晶时成矿流体氧逸度、温度、元素浓度和水岩反应比例密切相关。不同世代热液磁铁矿与矿区岩体副矿物磁铁矿对比发现,二者在矿物结构和微量元素组成上存在明显差异,特别以微量元素Ti含量差异最大。程潮铁矿与不同成因类型矿床中的磁铁矿成分对比分析结果,进一步暗示出程潮铁矿中的磁铁矿为接触交代成因,并非矿浆成因。半定量模拟计算结果表明,Mt1、Mt2、Mt3在整个成矿过程中贡献了至少96%的铁质,对成矿起到了决定性作用。多世代磁铁矿矿化叠加过程不仅为揭示程潮大型铁矿的富集过程提供了重要依据,同时也为进一步理解矽卡岩型富铁矿的成矿机制提供了重要启示。