On the superparamagnetic—stable single domain transition for magnetite, and frequency dependence of susceptibility

Sediments and soils often contain superparamagnetic (SP) magnetite or maghemite grains that cause a frequency dependence of low-field susceptibility X _fd which does not exceed 15 per cent/decade of frequency. Present models predict very different volume distributions for samples with the largest observed frequency dependence of susceptibility. While Stephensons' (1971) power-law model predicts most grains to be smaller than the stable single domain (SSD) threshold, the phenomenological model of >Dearing et al . (1996) suggests that most grains are between 10 and 25 nm in diameter. Finally, the recent calculations of Eyre (1997) indicate very broad volume distributions. This study reviews the nature of the superparamagnetic–stable single domain (SP–SSD) transition. The change of AC susceptibilities with grain size (or temperature) at the SP–SSD boundary is more gradual than commonly assumed. When distributions of particle coercivities and volumes are also considered, X _fd values are much smaller than those calculated by Eyre (1997). Nonetheless, X _fd can be larger than 15 per cent, and a larger frequency dependence has indeed been measured for some samples. The question whether the observed limited X _fd of soils and sediments is a result of a broad distribution or of a bimodal distribution, where SP and SSD grains are restricted to a certain relative abundance, can potentially be answered by susceptibility determinations at more than two frequencies and by measurements of the temperature dependence of susceptibility.     

安徽省马山矿区硫化物矿石中黄铁矿与磁铁矿的后成合晶

在安徽省马山矿区的硫化物矿石中,黄铁矿与磁铁矿呈后成合晶交代磁黄铁矿的结构,是成矿系统物理化学条件向磁黄铁矿-黄铁矿-磁铁矿三相点演化的产物。系统经过三相点的几率甚小,因而这种结构在矿石中十分少见。     

Characterization of Individual Rock Magnetic Components by Analysis of Remanence Curves, 1. Unmixing Natural Sediments

Natural sediments are a complex mixture of magnetic minerals with different origins and different geochemical history, each of which is called a magnetic component. Magnetic components practically never occur in isolated form, and their characterization using bulk magnetic measurements relies on the individuation of the systematic variation of some parameters within a large group of samples. These variations can be interpreted either as a mixing trend or as the result of natural processes, which affect the physical and chemical properties of the magnetic particles. An alternative approach is offered by the analysis of magnetization curves using model functions, which are supposed to represent the magnetic properties of individual components. The success of this approach relies on (1) the choice of model functions that can reproduce the natural properties of a component with sufficient accuracy by varying a minimum number of parameters and (2) on very precise and accurate measurements, which are necessary to overcome the extreme sensitivity of the method to noise. In this paper, the analysis of remanent magnetization curves proposed by Egli (2003) is applied to a large set of representative sediments from the most variable environments and to a set of artificial magnetite samples. Despite the variety of materials and natural processes involved in the formation of these sediments, seven groups of magnetic components with well-defined and consistent properties could be identified. It has been found that both lacustrine and marine sediments contain two magnetically distinct groups of magnetosomes, which react differently to changes of the redox potential. The effects of some natural processes, such as weathering, reductive dissolution and transport could be observed on the individual components.     

安徽省顺风山铁矿矿床地质特征及成因分析

通过深入研究和分析30多年来矿山生产所获得的地质资料，对顺风山铁矿床的矿床地质特征作出了详细的描述，并对矿床成因作了进一步的分析。     

A late diagenetic (syn-folding) magnetization carried by pyrrhotite: implications for paleomagnetic studies from magnetic iron sulphide-bearing sediments

Paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, and sedimentary micro-textural data from an early Miocene mudstone sequence exposed in Okhta River, Sakhalin, Russia, indicate the presence of pyrrhotite and magnetite at different stratigraphic levels. Sites that contain only magnetite have a reversed polarity characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) with a low-coercivity overprint, which coincides with the present-day geomagnetic field direction. Pyrrhotite-bearing sites have stable normal polarity ChRMs that are significantly different from the present-day field direction. After correction for bedding tilt, the ChRM data fail a reversals test. However, the normal polarity pyrrhotite ChRM directions become antipodal to the tilt-corrected magnetite ChRM directions and are consistent with the expected geocentric axial dipole field direction at the site latitude after 40% partial unfolding. These data suggest that the pyrrhotite magnetization was acquired during folding and after lock-in of the magnetite remanences. Electron microscope observations of polished sections indicate that fluid-associated halos surround iron sulphide nodules. Pyrrhotite is present in randomly oriented laths in and around the nodules, and the nodules do not appear to have been deformed by sediment compaction. This observation is consistent with a late diagenetic origin of pyrrhotite. Documentation of a late diagenetic magnetization in pyrrhotite-bearing sediments here, and in recent studies of greigite-bearing sediments, suggests that care should be taken to preclude a late origin of magnetic iron sulphides before using such sediments for geomagnetic studies where it is usually crucial to establish a syn-depositional magnetization.     

磁铁矿系列花岗岩含金差异性及其评价准则—以豫西地区为例

本文以豫西地区小秦岭、外方山为例，将磁铁矿系列花岗岩进一步划分为两大类：一类与金矿具密切的空间关系，本文命名为M1型花岗岩，以文峪岩体、合峪岩体为代表；另一类成金能力较差的岩体，本文命名为MS型花岗岩，以华山岩体、太山庙岩体为例。两类岩体在化学成分、矿物含量、同位素组成等方面均有一定差异。M1和MS型花岗岩的源岩是一致的，均为陆内腐冲碰撞地壳板块冲下插作用所产生的物质，其成分及含矿性差异与源岩部分熔融程度、岩浆演化及其分熔序列有关。M1型花岗岩是在下地壳源岩分离熔融晚阶段、源岩部分熔融程度较高、环境较氧化的条件下形成的。     

热剩磁偏离古地磁场的校正及其应用

根据含多畴磁铁矿岩石的热剩磁(TRM)及其磁化率各向异性(AMS)张量间的特征值的比值关系,推导出一种因AMS 而引起的TRM 方向偏离外磁场方向的具体校正公式,并将其成功地应用到中国月山闪长岩体及法国Flamanville 花岗岩体的古地磁研究中.     

Thermal generation of ferromagnetic minerals from iron-enriched smectites

In recent years remagnetization of orogenic belts has been explained by fluid migration through rocks undergoing deformation. A laboratory study of remagnetization is presented in which varying amounts of iron (0-13.5 weight per cent Fe₂O₃) are adsorbed onto smectite surfaces. All smectite samples contain structural Fe (III) which is located in octahedral sites and is thermally stable up to 700 C. An increase in the amount of iron adsorbed onto the clay surface leads to the formation of ferric nanophases in which parts are magnetic. Mineralogical changes that occur during thermal treatment between room temperature and 700 C were monitored using electron spin resonance (ESR), bulk susceptibility, acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) and Curie temperature analysis. After heating the samples to 250 C, a new ferrimagnetic phase is created as indicated by ESR and IRM acquisition. ESR spectra, IRM acquisition and Curie analyses suggest that magnetite is the predominant phase that is being created. These grains continue to be created and grow with heating up to 500 C. Above this temperature a decrease in the intensity of the IRM at 1T suggests that the phase is being transformed into haematite. The thermal experiments on iron-loaded smectites show that surface-induced processes can lead to the formation of new magnetic minerals under conditions characteristic of low-grade metamorphism.     

Sulfur isotopic characteristics of late Cenozoic ore deposits at the arc junction of Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract Sulfide minerals of late Cenozoic vein-type deposits of southwest Hokkaido and Kuril Islands yielded δ³⁴_CDT S values of 2 to 8 permil, which are typical green-tuff values of magnetite-series igneous terrane. Sulfides of the Kitami district of northeast Hokkaido, on the other hand, are characterized by negative δ³⁴S_CDT values, ranging from 0 to - 7 permil. This unique value among ore deposits in the late Cenozoic back-arc terranes in the Japanese Islands is considered to have resulted from extraction of ³²S enriched sulfur from the basement rocks, because of well-developed N-S fracturing in the basement, which is characteristic of the axial belt and Kitami district of Hokkaido.