The roles of different mechanisms related to the tide-induced fronts in the Yellow Sea in summer

In summer, the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （YSCWM） is a stable water mass of low temperature lying at the bottom of the central Yellow Sea （YS）. It is fringed by some typical tidal fronts, which separate deep, stratified water on the offshore side from the well-mixed, shallow water on the inshore side. Three striking fronts--Subei Bank Front （SBF）, Shandong Peninsula Front （SPF）, and Mokpo Front （MKF; a front off the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula）--have been iden- tified by various studies from both satellite observations and model results. Tide plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of these fronts. However, it is still a matter of debate as to the roles these two kinds of mechanisms of upwelling and tidal mixing play, and how importance they are in the maintenance processes of the above three fronts. Basing a nested high-resolution model HYCOM （the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model）, this study focuses on the different mechanisms of tidal effects on the thermal fronts in the YS in summertime. Through comparative experiments with and without tidal forcing, the results indicate that the MKF is mainly driven by tide-induced upwelling. For the SPF, tidal mixing is the dominant factor, when lower cold water is stirred upwards along the sloping topography of the western YS. Meanwhile, the combined effect of upwelling and tidal mixing is the main cause of the formation of the SBF. Diagnostic analysis of thermal balance shows that horizontal nonlinear advection induced by strong tidal currents also contributes to the thermal balance of frontal areas.     

华南加里东期金矿床的基本特征

文章分析了安徽月山矿田夕卡岩型矿床形成过程中水岩作用的类型和特征。估算和讨论了水岩作用过程中的质量－体积变化和动力学问题。结论认为：水岩作用对流体成矿系统中夕卡岩和蚀变矿化作用的发生、发展，成矿流体的形成，成矿物质的富集，矿床定位等具有重要意义；水岩作用的水岩比值（W／R）小于0．1；夕卡岩和矿化蚀变分带是开放体系一系列溶解沉淀波反应前锋发生水岩反应后矿物和元素组合的时空分离的结果。     

中国岩浆硫化物矿床新分类与小岩体成矿作用

中国镍(铜、钴)、铂族等许多重要金属矿产都产出于岩浆硫化物矿床,该类矿床是矿床地质研究的热点之一。笔者综合构造背景、侵入方式、岩体规模、矿床模式、主成矿元素等因素,对中国岩浆硫化物矿床提出了新的分类:①古大陆内的小侵入体矿床;②与大陆溢流玄武岩有关的侵入体矿床;③造山带内小侵入体矿床;④蛇绿岩型矿床。认为小侵入体(小岩体)岩浆矿床是中国主要的矿床类型,并在此基础上,从小岩体矿床的相关概念、3种地质背景、3种火山岩_岩体_矿床组合形式以及成矿的主要因素等方面详细阐述了小岩体成矿作用。结合国内外勘查实践指出,小岩体岩浆矿床仍具有很大的找矿潜力,是中国应继续重点研究的主要矿床类型。最后,还讨论了小岩体矿床不仅在基性_超基性岩体中广泛发育,而且在中酸性岩体中也具有重要的经济价值和研究意义。     

印尼8.7、8.5级远震对云南地区小震的激发和地下流体异常响应初探

2004年12月26日和2005年3月29日,印度尼西亚苏门答腊西北海域相继发生8.7和8.5级地震。通过对这两次地震与云南地震活动关系和地下流体记录异常变化的分析,认为:印尼两次8级地震的发生可能会使云南提前进入新一轮强震活跃期;远震对云南地区小震的激发和导致地下流体记录出现异常变化的因素虽然都与大地震面波的强弱、地质构造环境等有关,但机理不同。     

Genetic algorithm for fitting a mixed Bingham distribution to 3D orientations: a tool for the statistical and paleostress analyses of fracture orientations

The clustering of fracture orientations is important for tectonic studies and for geotechnical engineering. In this study, a real‐coded genetic algorithm was adopted to fitting a mixed Bingham distribution to orientation data by maximizing the log‐likelihood function of the distribution. The maximization is a difficult problem, because the function has multimodality and singularity. It was found that the algorithm was effective for this problem. Given the orientations of dilational fractures, the present method determines not only the stress axes and stress ratio of each of the fracture groups but also the maximum non‐dimensionalized fluid pressure at the time of their formation. In addition, the software calculates the 95 % error ellipses of the concentration axes. The present method found that the orientations of ore veins of the Akenobe Mine, SW Japan, should be partitioned into three clusters. It is shown that two of the groups had distinctive Zn and Sn contents, and that the ore fluids had overpressures only slightly greater than the minimum principal stress at the time of the deposition of Zn‐ and Sn‐rich veins.     

SILLS软件在单个萤石流体包裹体LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析数据处理中的应用

近年来激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)应用于单个流体包裹体成分定量分析已成为研究流体包裹体的最佳手段之一。该实验过程和数据处理比较复杂,目前国内外采用的数据分析软件为一款基于MATLAB的SILLS软件,该软件主要是对矿物(锆石)、流体包裹体以及熔体包裹体LA-ICP-MS分析结果进行处理。本文以萤石流体包裹体LA-ICP-MS分析为例,阐述了样品制备与流体包裹体的优选方法,对流体包裹体片厚度以及单个流体包裹体的选取要求作了详细描述,对仪器参数设置、内外标样选取和剥蚀方法等进行了说明。基于SILLS软件采用尖峰消除的方法对待处理数据进行校正,对不同种类型的波峰进行峰宽的选取。在元素比值校正和等效盐度计算过程中,由于被测样品是萤石,Ca元素具有较高的背景值,选择以Na作为流体包裹体的内标元素,以Ca作为寄主矿物的内标元素对寄主矿物浓度进行计算,同时提出以电价平衡代替质量平衡进行等效盐度计算。以上方案提高了LA-ICP-MS分析单个萤石流体包裹体的准确性,有助于解释成矿流体来源和矿床成因等问题。     

Theory of Basin Scale Dynamics of a Stratified Rotating Fluid

The dynamics of a stratified fluid contained in a rotating rectangular box is described in terms of the evolution of the lowest moments of its density and momentum fields. The first moment of the density field also gives the position of the fluids centre-of-mass. The resulting low-order model allows for fast assessment both of adopted parameterisations, as well as of particular values of parameters. In the ideal fluid limit (neglect of viscous and diffusive effects), in the absence of wind, the equations have a Hamiltonian structure that is integrable (non-integrable) in the absence (presence) of differential heating. In a non-rotating convective regime, dynamically rich behaviour and strong dependence on the single (lumped) parameter are established. For small values of this parameter, in a self-similar regime, further reduction to an explicit map is discussed in an Appendix. Introducing rotation in a nearly geostrophic regime leads through a Hopf bifurcation to a limit cycle, and under the influence of wind and salt to multiple equilibria and chaos, respectively.     

Does the plasma composition affect the long-term evolution of relativistic jets?

We study the influence of the matter content of extragalactic jets on their morphology, dynamics and emission properties. For this purpose we consider jets of extremely different compositions, including pure leptonic and baryonic plasmas. Our work is based on two-dimensional relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of the long-term evolution of powerful extragalactic jets propagating into a homogeneous environment. The equation of state used in the simulations accounts for an arbitrary mixture of electrons, protons and electron–positron pairs. Using the hydrodynamic models, we have also computed synthetic radio maps and the thermal bremsstrahlung X-ray emission from their cavities.
Although there is a difference of about three orders of magnitude in the temperatures of the cavities inflated by the simulated jets, we find that both the morphology and the dynamic behaviour are almost independent of the assumed composition of the jets. Their evolution proceeds in two distinct epochs. During the first one, multidimensional effects are unimportant and the jets propagate ballistically. The second epoch starts when the first larger vortices are produced near the jet head, causing the beam cross-section to increase and the jet to decelerate. The evolution of the cocoon and cavity is in agreement with a simple theoretical model. The beam velocities are relativistic  ( Γ ≃4)  at kiloparsec scales, supporting the idea that the X-ray emission of several extragalactic jets may be due to relativistically boosted CMB photons. The radio emission of all models is dominated by the contribution of the hotspots. All models exhibit a depression in the X-rays surface brightness of the cavity interior, in agreement with recent observations.     

Non-equilibrium Condensation ina Primordial Solar Nebula: Formation of Refractory Metal Nuggets

We present a theoretical investigation of non-equilibrium condensation of refractory metalsinthe primordial solar nebula, in relation to the origin of “Fremdlinges” included inCAIs. Todescribe the nucleation process of grains from vapor, weadopted asemi-phenomenological modelmodified fromthe classical nucleation theoryby the introductionof the second virial coefficient of vapor. This modelachieves excellent agreement with nucleation rate experiment. However,the second virial coefficients are unknown for a vapor of refractory metals. To overcome this, weexpress the nucleation rate by theuse of the chemical potential of dimersinsteadof the second virial coefficient.On the basis of this new nucleation theory,we have performed numerical simulations ofnon-equilibrium condensation of refractory metals andfind thattheircondensation temperatures, T_c, decrease considerably in comparison withequilibrium condensation. Even if the characteristiccooling time scale is aslarge as 1×10⁵ years, the decrease in T_c isfrom 200 to 400 Kfor rare elements such as W, Re,and Os. This remarkablenon-equilibrium behaviormainly stemsfromthelow totalpressure in the primordial solar nebula. From our new modelwealso obtainthe typical size ofgrainsformed in condensation. We findthatthe cooling time should be ?1×10⁵ years for sub-micron-sized or largerrefractory metal nuggetsto form.     

辽宁丹东五龙与四道沟金矿床成因对比—流体包裹体证据

对产于辽宁丹东三股流花岗闪长岩体外围的五龙与四道沟大型金矿床地质、流体包裹体岩相学及测温特征进行对比研究表明,五龙与四道沟金矿床成因存在一定差异。五龙金矿床含金石英脉与四道沟金矿床早期石英脉成矿流体主要来自于三股流岩浆活动,而四道沟矿区主矿化阶段成矿流体来源可能与矿区燕山晚期中酸性脉岩活动有关。