一种岩浆混合作用的分类及其地质意义:以西昆仑山的3个岩体为例

文章以西昆仑山3个花岗质深成侵入体的研究为例,认为岩浆混合形成的深成岩特征取决于发生混合作用(hybridization)的岩浆的性质,如温度、黏度、成分等物理与化学条件。岩浆的大多数性质都与温度有关,因此可以以温度为主要指标将岩浆混合作用划分为混合、混杂和注入3种类型,分别对应于高、中、低温度条件。库地北岩体具有均一的外貌特征,岩石学和地球化学特征显示其产生具有幔源与壳源岩浆的贡献,是高温岩浆混合作用(mixing)的产物;胜利桥岩体含有大量镁铁质微粒包体,注入的基性岩浆团与其寄主岩浆作用不完全,是中温岩浆混杂作用(mingling)的典型代表,也是造山带出露最广的岩浆混合成因深成岩类;赛图拉岩体形成"双峰式"岩石组合,同时侵位的镁铁质岩浆和长英质岩浆之间基本上不发生物质交换,是两种低温岩浆相互注入的结果。由于岩浆混合作用是壳幔物质与能量交换的集中体现,混合作用的类型体现了区域地热梯度及其地质过程的强度。因此,区分不同的岩浆混合作用类型对了解岩浆混合作用过程、大地构造背景和壳幔相互作用具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部紫金山岩体特征与形成的动力学环境——盆地热力-岩浆活动的深部作用典型实例剖析

在鄂尔多斯盆地动力学和热力作用讨论基础上,以紫金山岩体为代表,进行了鄂尔多斯盆地东部岩浆活动的深部地质背景、岩石学、地球化学、同位素年代学和构造演化等研究。认为盆地热力作用是盆地动力学研究的弱点和难点,盆地热力作用具明显非均一性,热力盆地特征复杂、类型多样,盆地热力构造可分为五类。针对盆地热力作用研究的薄弱性和其与深部圈层活动的复杂性及特殊性,提出了未来研究应注意的要点。中生代鄂尔多斯盆地为克拉通内改造叠合型盆地,盆地的形成演化和区域岩石圈深部具有明显多阶段或多世代沉降更替、演变迁移特点。紫金山岩体具有富碱、较富铁、贫镁、钙,SiO2不饱和,属碱性-过碱性系列;稀土元素含量高,无负铕异常;碱性岩微量元素构造环境判别属于大陆板内拉张区;岩浆活动有多期性;锶(87Sr/86Sr)、钕(143Nd/144Nd)同位素比值落入EMⅠ型地幔,岩浆物质来源较深;单颗粒锆石SHRIMP测年数据表明岩浆活动主期在125～132Ma间,为早白垩世。侏罗纪-白垩纪盆地东部及周缘存在着丰富的深部岩浆活动-热力作用,并发生了岩浆侵入或喷发活动。中生代深部背景是处于吕梁软流圈上涌区,在吕梁软流圈上涌柱软块区与西侧厚硬块区相间的上涌热浮物质聚集处,岩石圈破裂,造成盆地东部出现软流圈热浮物质底侵和岩石圈局部减薄,底侵物质再熔融上侵,形成了紫金山幔源岩浆侵入和火山喷发构成的碱性复式岩体,代表鄂尔多斯盆地与华北陆块在早白垩世经受过一期重要的热力构造事件,它是该盆地东部吕梁软流圈上涌、盆地东翼大面积抬升隆起、断隆带翘倾的表现,此与盆地构造动力体制转换期及岩浆活动-热事件对应。中生代是该盆地油气煤铀等多种能源矿产形成的重要时期。构造过程是:古生代属于大鄂尔多斯盆地,与华北地区一同升降;中生代早期(T-J)为连续沉积区,晚期(J3-K1)发生较强烈的构造转换,岩石圈减薄,地壳拉张伸展变形,伴随岩浆侵入和火山喷发,形成紫金山复式岩体;新生代为整体抬升剥蚀期。     

大别造山带白鸭山A型花岗岩中镁铁质微粒包体成因及其地质意义

大别造山带早白垩世白鸭山A型花岗岩体中广泛分布着暗色微粒包体。对该包体及其寄主岩进行岩相学、矿物学和地球化学研究发现:镁铁质微粒包体(MME)与其寄主岩具有相同的矿物组合,相似的主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征,指示MME与寄主岩具有明显的亲缘关系;包体中岩浆成因褐帘石的发现,否定了富云包体的残余体成因,包体中含有碱性长石捕虏晶及大量针状磷灰石,指示岩浆混合作用的影响。结合共分母和不共分母图解判别,揭示MME与寄主岩明显具有岩浆混合作用特征,FeO*-MgO判别图解也指示包体为岩浆混合成因。Nd,Sr同位素组成指示MME的主体成分来源于富集岩石圈地幔,寄主岩体的物质来源为北大别杂岩。综合研究表明,大别地区在早白垩世存在一次壳幔混合作用,可能与岩石圈的伸展减薄有关,岩石圈的伸展导致富集地幔上涌,底侵并诱发古老下地壳熔融,同时发生岩浆混合作用。     

铜石金矿田金元素来源新认识

铜石金矿田位于鲁西中生代富碱次火山杂岩体--铜石岩体周围,该岩体侵入于燕山晚期,主要有闪长玢岩、二长斑岩和隐爆角砾岩组成.岩体与金矿田有密切的成因关系,目前一般认为铜石金矿田金元素来源于泰山群地层,岩体与金矿是衍生关系而非同源关系.但文章通过对铜石金矿田地质特征、流体包裹体成分、氢氧同位素证据、锶、氧和铅同位素比值、碲元素地球化学特征以及国内外成矿地质条件相似地区研究成果分析得出新的观点:铜石金矿田金元素来源于深部碱性玄武岩浆,矿体与岩体是同源而非衍生关系.该新认识对鲁西黄金找矿具有一定参考价值.     

球管孔隙模型的核磁共振(NMR)弛豫特征及应用

将岩石孔隙归结为由毛细管和球形孔组成的孔隙系统,提出孔隙球管孔隙模型. 岩石孔隙按大小分组后,每一组孔隙的氢核弛豫时间可以用球管孔隙模型计算. 将此弛豫时间作为反演T2分布的时间控制点,反演岩芯的核磁共振弛豫信号. 研究表明, T2分布与特定的孔隙结构相联系. 使用不同结构的球管孔隙模型,可以使反演T2分布最大限度地拟合弛豫信号,此时的球管模型以最近似的方式模拟了岩芯的孔隙结构. 使用球管模型对实验室核磁共振资料进行了处理,对比压汞分析得到毛管力分布数据,结果证明球管孔隙模型描述了岩石孔隙的弛豫特征,而且,岩石特定孔隙结构的弛豫特征与孔隙流体有关.     

苏北盆地粘土矿物转化模式与古地温

以苏北盆地为例,系统研究了火成岩发育区粘土矿物组合特征及其控制因素;建立了粘土矿物转化模式;根据粘土矿物成岩演化特点,进行古地温分析。研究表明,苏北地区粘土矿物的分布主要受埋藏成岩作用、岩浆侵入、母质来源三种因素的影响,发育四种类型的粘土矿物组合和三种粘土矿物转化模式;火山碎屑岩母岩区和基性岩浆侵入区具有特殊的粘土矿物组合和成岩演化模式,前者以富含蒙皂石矿物为特点;后者出现高岭石与伊/蒙有序间层矿物共生组合,并具有不连续的演化序列;苏北盆地短有序I/S矿物出现于镜质组反射率 0.5 %～ 0.5 5 %的深度,伊/蒙间层矿物转变成伊利石在镜质组反射率 0.75 %～ 0.8%,可以用于热成熟度和古地温的估算;而蒙皂石消失的界面则不具有指标意义     

Effect of multilayered groundwater mounds on water dynamics beneath a recharge basin: Numerical simulation and assessment of surface injection

Interactions between groundwater mounds caused by a geologic layer contrast affect the efficiency of managed aquifer recharge in arid areas. However, research has rarely examined the roles of groundwater mounding size variations on soil water dynamics in a stratified vadose zone in response to a sustained infiltration source. Numerical experiments were conducted on a two-dimensional vertical-section domain using HYDRUS software to simulate the behaviours of two adjacent (upper and lower) groundwater mounds underlying an infiltration basin subjected to clay loam and sandy alternately-layered soil profiles. The model successfully predicted the volume and extent of perched water and approximated vertical travel times during events generating downward fluxes from the surface injection. The response time of the mounding width (lateral extension) to the surface injection was delayed as compared to that of the mounding height (vertical extension), especially for the lower water mound. The mounding heights and widths show a strongly positive correlation with the infiltration rates of both high- and low-permeability layers where the injected water mounded, while the water storage amounts in the high- and low-permeability layers were governed by the mounding height and width, respectively. Exploratory simulations were then employed to assess the dependence of groundwater mounding behaviours and recharge performances on surface injection strategies. Results suggest that, by reducing injection rate or shortening injection duration, the near-term fraction of the surface injection converted to deep recharge is likely to be increased due to the narrowed groundwater mounding size, which would be limited by the water-retarding effect of layer contrasts. This study has important implications for predicting and understanding multilayered groundwater mounding behaviours and associated water mass balance under the geologic stratification, and is expected to aid in optimizing the infiltration basin operation for aquifer recharge.     

Land uplift due to subsurface fluid injection

The subsurface injection of fluid (water, gas, vapour) occurs worldwide for a variety of purposes, e.g. to enhance oil production (EOR), store gas in depleted gas/oil fields, recharge overdrafted aquifer systems (ASR), and mitigate anthropogenic land subsidence. Irrespective of the injection target, some areas have experienced an observed land uplift ranging from a few millimetres to tens of centimetres over a time period of a few months to several years depending on the quantity and spatial distribution of the fluid used, pore pressure increase, geological setting (depth, thickness, and area extent), and hydro-geomechanical properties of the injected formation. The present paper reviews the fundamental geomechanical processes that govern land upheaval due to fluid injection in the subsurface and presents a survey of some interesting examples of anthropogenic uplift measured in the past by the traditional levelling technique and in recent times with the aid of satellite technology. The examples addressed include Long Beach, Santa Clara Valley, and Santa Ana basin, California; Las Vegas Valley, Nevada; Cold Lake and other similar sites, Canada; Tokyo and Osaka, Japan; Taipei, Taiwan; Krechba, Algeria; Upper Palatinate, Germany; Chioggia and Ravenna, Italy.     

An integrated model of extrusive sand injectites in cohesionless sediments

Clastic injection and surface expression of subsurface sediment remobilization is a phenomenon which is becoming increasingly recognized. However, understanding of the physical mechanisms that control these features remains limited, dominated by inference from outcrop and seismic studies. Here, this limitation is addressed through a set of experiments focused on the development and evolution of fluidization features in non‐cohesive bedded sequences. Fluidization and the onset of piping are shown to occur progressively through a sequence of discrete phases, with initial void formation, development of infiltration horizons, rupture and finally pipe formation. Critically, the style of piping, the stability of piping and the temporal evolution of venting are shown to exhibit considerable variability. In particular, pipes may either be stable or very mobile, migrating laterally over large distances; these produce deposits that are typically interpreted in outcrop as being the product of en masse liquefaction rather than localized, dynamic fluidization. These differing elements are synthesized to produce a model of sand extrudites. In addition, the implications of this model are explored.     

Comparison of rhyolites from continental rift,continental arc and oceanic island arc: Implication for the mechanism of silicic magma generation

We discuss the chemical compositions of rhyolites from three distinct tectonic settings: (i) the continental rift from Ethiopia (both Oligocene–Miocene and Quaternary rhyolites); (ii) the early Miocene continental arc of Japan (the Mt Wasso rhyolites related to the rifting of the Japan Sea); and (iii) the oceanic Izu–Bonin Island Arc. The comparison reveals that the oceanic island arc rhyolites have high contents of CaO, Al₂O₃, and Sr, and extremely low abundance of trace elements including K₂O. In contrast, the Ethiopian continental rift rhyolites are characterized by low contents of CaO, Al₂O₃, and Sr, and high contents of K₂O, and are enriched in the whole range of trace elements. The continental arc Mt Wasso rhyolites are apparently low in Nb content, although they display similar chemical trends to those of the Ethiopian rhyolites. This obvious difference in the chemical signatures of the rhyolites from the three tectonic settings is the consequence of their derivation from different sources. The implication of this result is that fractional crystallization processes were dominant in the rift‐related rhyolites both from continental rift and continental arc regardless of the prevailing tectonic setting and the nature of the crust (age, thickness, composition), whereas the oceanic island arc rhyolites may form through partial melting of young, mafic crust.