Mineral photoelectrons and their implications for the origin and early evolution of life on Earth

Energy is the key issue of all life activities.The energy source and energy yielding pathway are the key scientific issues of the origin and early evolution of life on Earth.Current researches indicate that the utilization of solar energy in large scale by life was an important breaking point of the early evolution of life on Earth and afterwards life gradually developed and flourished.However,in the widespread biochemical electron transfer of life activities,it is still not clear whether the electron source is sun or how electrons originated from sun.For billions of years,the ubiquitous semiconducting minerals in epigeosphere absorb solar energy,forming photoelectrons and photoholes.In reductive and weak acidic environment of early Earth,when photoholes were easily scavenged by reducing matters,photoelectrons were separated.Photoelectrons could effectively reduce carbon dioxide to organic matters,possibly providing organic matter foundation for the origin of life.Photoelectrons participated in photoelectron transfer chains driven by potential difference and transfer into primitive cells to maintain metabolisms.Semiconducting minerals,by absorbing ultraviolet,also protected primitive cells from being damaged by ultraviolet in the origin of life.Due to the continuous photoelectrons generation in semiconducting minerals and utilization by primitive cells,photoelectrons from semiconducting minerals’photocatalysis played multiple roles in the origin of life on early Earth,such as organic synthesis,cell protection,and energy supply.This mechanism still plays important roles in modern Earth surface systems.     

羌塘盆地中央隆起性质与成因

羌塘盆地夹持于可可西里-金沙江缝合带和班公-怒江缝合带之间,未出露中生界地层的中央隆起将盆地分为南北两部分。在金沙江关闭时,俯冲板块向南俯冲。而在羌塘的中部一带由于软流圈的垫托作用,使地幔热隆,导致大规模重熔。地幔和重熔物向上加入中地壳,使中地壳增厚,同时使中上地壳受热弱化,导致快速变形(拆离)和构造剥蚀,产生均衡隆升,形成变质核杂岩。重熔物质的上升进一步加强浮力反弹,加之侵位的侧向应力,形成拉伸应力场。在失稳的重力作用下,促使伸展构造和拆离断层的形成。上下部变形范围形成拉张沉积区-新盆成生。中央隆起的变质核杂岩体为片麻岩,上覆层为以断层分割的未变质、弱变质的盖层岩石。     

海平面升降对海相临滨储层宏观非均质性控制机理—以哈得逊东河砂岩储层为例

本文研究海平面变化对海相单一亚相储层宏观非均质性的影响。以经典层序地层学理论为指导,应用岩心测试、测井数据,对哈得油田东河砂岩段临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性进行了分析,提出了海平面升降对临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性控制机理,确定了海平面相对变化控制的储层宏观非均质性分布模式。结果表明,准层序、准层序组及体系域内不同级次的海平面变化,对沉积物形成的水动力条件及沉积后所处表生环境产生较大影响,各项储层宏观非均质参数表现出明显的规律性,使准层序内单一临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性表现为向上减弱的变化趋势;准层序组内由于准层序堆砌特征差异,使退积式准层序组内临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性呈向上变强的特征,而进积式准层序组内表现为由强到弱的趋势;高位体系域内单一临滨亚相储层宏观非均质性总体表现为向上逐渐减弱。     

扬子区震旦系磷块岩的化学类型及其地质意义

经过对磷块岩化学成分分析，结合矿物分析资料，将磷块岩分成４种化学类型：富磷酸盐型、碳酸盐型、硅质型及富铝型，并探讨了它们的成因及其与沉积环境的关系。磷块岩的化学类型与稀土元素的含量有关，但与稀土元素的组成无关。轻重稀土元素的组成比值ＬＲＥＥ／ＨＲＥＥ＞１反映形成磷块岩的物源主要来自于陆源物。不同地区有相对稳定的轻重稀土比值。     

小三江地热田地温场特征及成因分析

通过对小三江地热田地质构造特征、地温场分布特征的研究,系统阐明了该地热田的形成条件和成因模式,为该地热田热水资源的合理开发利用提供了科学依据。     

吉林省龙岗火山岩区早更新世粗面玄武岩地球化学特征及构造意义

中国是全球晚新生代火山发育国家之一,也是西环太平洋活动大陆边缘火山活动带重要组成部分.在我国东北地区发育着数座晚新生代喷发过的活火山(如五大连池老黑山、火烧山火山、金龙顶子火山等)或具备喷发能力的休眠火山(如云南腾冲火山、长白山天池火山等)( Hickey,1982;Davies et al,1992;刘若新,1992...     

源区黑潮热输送低频变异及其与我国夏季降水的关联性

基于日本气象厅长序列温、盐度资料,通过动力计算等方法估算了24°N断面源区黑潮热输送量,利用小波分析方法分析了热输送的低频变异特征,并探讨了前期(前秋、前冬和春季)和同期(夏季)热输送变异与我国夏季降水异常变化的关联性.结果显示,源区黑潮热输送存在着显著的准2a和约16a的低频变异特征,但其变化周期有着明显的时域性及季节差异;近50年来,源区黑潮热输送呈长期增强的线性趋势,且具有明显的季节差异.进一步分析表明,前期和同期热输送变异对我国夏季降水的指示性有所不同,而夏季源区黑潮热输送的异常增强可能通过引起南海北部及邻近海域的海温(升高)及水汽输送异常(西南异常气流),与长江中下游地区夏季降水的偏多相关联.     

Zircon U-Pb age,Lu-Hf Isotopic Characteristics and Origin of the Banshanping Granitoid Rocks in East Qinling Orogenic Belt

The Banshanping granitoid rocks distribute in the east of the North Qinling orogenic belt. It is a diorite-quartz diorite-granodiorite-granite series, spreading in a NW-SE direction, and intrudes into the Erlangping Group. The SiO2 content ranges from 57.04% to 76.56%, Na2O from 2.05% to 4.65%, K2O from 0.84% to 3.40%. Major element characteristics indicate that Banshanping granitoid rocks have properties of I type granotoids. SREE ranges from 36.51 ppm to 473.25 ppm, and LREE/HREE ratios lie between 3.95 and 22.18. Negative Eu anomalies are not obvious in most samples, though there are obvious Nb, P and Ti positive anomalies. The zircon LA-ICP-MS ages of Banshangping granitoid rocks are 496.0±8.1 Ma–486.9±9.3 Ma. Hf isotope shows that 176Hf/177Hf ratios range from 0.282721 to 0.282876, εHf(t) values from 8.5 to 14, all positive, and corresponding modal ages(TDM2) range from 559 Ma to 908 Ma. Based on Hf isotope characteristics and existing SmNd and Rb-Sr isotope data, we consider that the Banshanping granitoid rocks originate from mantlederived material, i.e. the igneous rocks that formed in Neoproterozoic, and there may be a certain amount of crust-derived material during the formation of Banshanping granitoid rocks.     

一块新发现的月球陨石NWA 12279的岩石矿物学、源区和冲击变质作用

NWA 12279为2016年发现的一块斜长岩质月球陨石,由86%的斜长岩和14%的冲击熔融角砾岩组成。斜长岩具嵌晶结构,矿物组成主要为斜长石(70. 6%)、橄榄石(11. 3%)、辉石(10. 0%)、镁铝尖晶石(7. 0%),含少量石英、铬铁矿和钛铁矿;冲击熔融角砾岩具角砾状结构,主要由岩屑(斜长岩、辉长-橄长-斜长岩、微斑熔融角砾岩、辉长岩)、晶屑(橄榄石、辉石、斜长石、尖晶石)、玻屑和基质组成。斜长岩和角砾岩的矿物组成基本一致,主要为斜长石(An_(92. 9～98. 4))、紫苏辉石(Fs_(15. 5～32. 2)Wo_(2. 98～4. 22))、易变辉石(Fs_(27. 9～53. 1)Wo_(7. 19～14. 7))、普通辉石(Fs_(8. 42～38. 9)Wo_(17. 0～44. 1))、橄榄石(Fo_(53. 7～89. 4))、尖晶石[(Mg_(4. 97)Fe_(0. 86))_(5. 83)(Al_(11. 4)Cr_(0. 61))_(12. 0)O_(24)]。通过对陨石的矿物组成、碎屑组成、矿物成分、全岩成分和冲击变质特征进行研究,并和已发现的月球斜长岩进行了对比,认为该陨石可能起源于一个新的富含尖晶石的辉长橄长斜长岩高地。该陨石的斜长岩和角砾岩具有不同的冲击特征,斜长岩区域发育橄榄石面状破裂、斜长石熔长石化及含未熔融的辉石和橄榄石晶屑的冲击熔脉;角砾岩区域发育玻璃质熔脉、冲击熔体及岩石角砾化,这些特征限制了斜长岩区和角砾岩区经历的冲击压力峰值分别约为45 GPa和78 GPa,温度峰值分别约为1 100℃和1890℃,冲击变质阶段为S_5～S_6。     

新疆尼勒克县喀英迪地区铅锌矿地质特征及成因

喀英迪铅锌矿主要产于早石炭世阿克沙克组及其与晚奥陶世呼独克达坂组的接触带上。通过普查工作共圈定15个铅锌矿体。其中主要矿体4个,Ⅰ-4矿体处于晚奥陶世呼独克达坂组灰岩与早石炭世阿克沙克组的不整合接触面上及其两侧,工程控制总长度为523m,最大斜深100m。倾向70°～100°,倾角一般20°～50°,连续性较好。该矿体铅单工程厚0.86～5.64m,平均2.86m,厚度变化系数为70.57%;锌单工程厚0.80～5.64m,平均1.81m,厚度变化系数为93.97%,属于变化较稳定型矿体。铅单工程品位0.62%～16.47%,平均4.53%,品位变化系数114.34%;锌单工程品位0.53%～12.37%,平均3.78%,品位变化系数57.47%。属于有用组分分布较均匀型矿体。通过对矿床地质特征的研究,认为该矿床属沉积岩容矿的、层控的、构造控制非岩浆型低温热液矿床。