The early Precambrian history of rock metamorphism in the Urals segment of crust

Early Precambrian rock units in the Urals are present in several polymetamorphic complexes, which are exposed in the Urals in the form of small (<1500 km²) tectonic blocks. Their ages are Archaean (as old as 3.5 Ga) and Palaeoproterozoic. During the formation of these complexes in the early Precambrian, two stages of ultra-high-temperature (granulite) metamorphism occurred. The maximum age of the early Neoarchaean stage of metamorphism is 2.79 Ga. Evidence of this metamorphic event includes the dating of the Taratash gneiss-granulite complex of the South Urals. Gneiss-migmatite complexes, which dominate the lower Precambrian section of the Urals, were formed in the Palaeoproterozoic during the sequential appearance of granulite facies metamorphism followed by amphibolite facies metamorphism and accompanying granitization. The maximum age of the Palaeoproterozoic stage of granulite metamorphism in the Alexandrov gneiss-migmatite complex, the most well-studied complex in the South Urals, is 2.08 Ga.     

Characteristics of Lower Crustal Granulite Xenoliths from the East Qinling Orogenic Belt and Their Tectonic Significance

The Tongbai granulites are present mainly as xenoliths in granodioritic gneisses. The xenoliths with a zircon age of 470Ma are older than the host rocks of granodioritic gneisses which yield a zircon age of 435Ma. It is suggested that the granulites were transported from the lower crust to the upper level along with granodioritic magma. Geothermometrical and geobarometrical studies based on the coexisting minerals (Opx-Cpx and Opx-Gar) show that the granulites were crystallized at 818 –840 °C and 9.5−9.8 × 10⁸ Pa corresponding to the lower crust. Tectonically, the Shangdan suture zone constitutes the boundary between the North China and Yangtze plates. The zone is char acterized by the occurrence of ophiolites in the western part and by that of granulites in the eastern part. So the western part marks the upper crustal level of the Qinling belt, while the eastern part represents the exposure of a deeper level. The results of isotopic dating and the geochemical characteristics of the xenoliths are consistent with those of metatholeiites of the ophiolites in the western part. Therefore, it is assumed that both ophiolites found in the west and granulites found in the east all represent the remnants of the ancient Qinling ocean plate. The difference is that the ophiolites are pieces of obducted fragments from the ocean floor during the subduction in the Early Palaeozoic. However, in the Tongbai area, when the ocean floor was subducting towards the lower crust, it underwent a granulite fades metamorphism. Subsequently, granodioritic magma formed by partial melting trapped some fragments of granulite upwards. This project was jointly granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Stiftung Volkswagenwerk of Germany     

Metamorphic Evolution of the Ribeira Belt: Evidence from Outcrops in the Rio de Janeiro Area, Brazil

Migmatitic granulites and arc-related felsic intrusives of Pan-Africanage form the bedrock in the Rio de Janeiro area, SE Brazil.These rocks preserve a partial record of three parageneses.The earliest assemblage (M₁) grew during fabric formation inthe rocks (D₁) and is characterized by the mineral assemblagePl + Bt + Sil + Kfs + Qtz. Peak metamorphic conditions (M₂)are characterized by the assemblage Bt + Crd + Kfs + Pl + Grt+ liq + Qtz and are inferred to have developed during D₂ foldingof the rocks at T = 750–800°C and P = 7 kbar. M₃ reactiontextures overprint the M₂ assemblage and comprise symplectiticintergrowth of cordierite(II) and quartz that formed after garnet,whereas secondary biotite formed as a result of reactions betweengarnet and K-feldspar. By comparing the observed modal abundanceswith modal contours of garnet, cordierite and quartz on therelevant pseudosection a post M₂ P–T vector indicatingcontemporaneous cooling and decompression can be deduced. Theinferred equilibrium assemblage and reaction textures are interpretedto reflect a clockwise P–T path involving heating followedby post-peak decompression and associated cooling. We inferthat metamorphism occurred in response to advective heatingby the abundant syn-collisional (arc-related) I-type granitoidsin the region, consistent with the unusually high peak T/P ratio. KEY WORDS: advective heating; Ribeira belt; granulite; partial melting; P–T pseudosection     

贵州省梵净山区新元古代岩浆活动的年代学格架及其大地构造意义

江南造山带位于华夏与扬子地块之间,发育大量新元古代火成岩,是研究地球早期壳幔相互作用、板块构造演化的理想对象。江南造山带东段新元古代板块演化研究已初具雏形,但对其西南段构造演化还争议不断,主要问题在于没有构建与区域地质特点吻合的岩浆活动年代学格架。本文以江南造山带西南段梵净山为研究区,基于详细的区域地质填图结果,针对侵入于梵净山群(沉积时代850~830 Ma)中的基性-超基性岩样品开展原位锆石年代学研究。新的年代学数据表明,侵入于梵净山群的3个辉长岩体结晶年龄分别为813 Ma、804 Ma、748 Ma。结合前人发表数据,提出梵净山地区岩浆活动可划分为两个阶段:晋宁Ⅰ期(850~825 Ma)、晋宁Ⅱ期(820~750 Ma),分别对应于梵净山期、下江期盆地演化。该岩浆岩年代学格架与区域地层年代格架吻合,形成了完整的新元古代沉积-岩浆活动记录。这套沉积-岩浆组合的大地构造背景尚不明确,需要通过大地构造相分析予以确定。     

北大别黄土岭麻粒岩中黑云母过剩Ar的成因解释和Ar同位素热年代学研究启示

应用阶段加热脱气技术测定了北大别黄土岭麻粒岩的黑云母和共存花岗岩岩体中斜长角闪岩包体角闪石的Ar-Ar年龄。角闪石给出的坪年龄为(124.9±4.6） Ma,与区域上早白垩世120~130 Ma的变质-岩浆事件年龄相一致。黑云母给出的坪年龄为(176.9±0.8) Ma,年龄大于Ar封闭温度较高的角闪石的年龄,这表明黄土岭麻粒岩黑云母中含有过剩Ar。较低温度和富流体环境生长的晚世代黑云母是过剩Ar的主要载体。因此,在应用Ar-Ar热年代计重塑多成因同类含钾矿物的岩石地质体的冷却速率时,应用激光探针对代表峰期世代矿物进行原位测定应是正确的选择。     

华北克拉通1.75Ga基性岩墙群特征及其研究进展

基性岩墙群是地壳伸展背景下,来自地幔的基性岩浆侵入体。华北克拉通同世界上其它克拉通一样,广泛发育前寒武纪基性岩墙群。它们在不同时代均有产生,其中1.75Ga前后的规模最大,分布范围最广,几乎遍布整个克拉通,对其进行深入研究,可以揭示华北克拉通该期构造演化过程。华北克拉通1.75Ga前后的岩墙几何形态多变,直立或近直立,走向主要为NNW向和近EW向。岩石以拉斑玄武质岩类占绝对优势(>80%),主要造岩矿物为单斜辉石和斜长石。根据岩墙走向、岩浆分异程度和岩石地球化学特征可将其分五组:低分异LT组、低分异HT组、高分异NW组、高分异EW组,以及具明显差异的高铁系列。同位素和微量元素研究显示,岩浆源区主要与富集Ⅰ型地幔(EMⅠ)、弱亏损的常规地幔(DM-PREMA)以及陆下岩石圈地幔有关。目前对华北克拉通1.75Ga基性岩墙群产出的构造环境在认识上有分歧,其中地幔柱观点和碰撞后伸展观点最为人们所关注。     

桂西那坡基性岩地球化学:峨眉山地幔柱与古特提斯俯冲相互作用的证据

华南板块西南缘、越北地块以北桂西那坡县城以西及西南一带发育一套晚二叠世基性岩,由层状、似层状次火山岩相辉绿岩、辉绿玢岩及球状岩组成。根据岩石地球化学特征,那坡基性岩可划分为高Ti(TiO_22.8%和Ti/Y500)和低Ti两部分。高Ti基性岩为碱性玄武岩,而低Ti基性岩为拉斑玄武岩。与低Ti基性岩相比,高Ti基性岩整体具有相对较低的SiO_2、MgO和较高的FeO_t、P_2O_5,轻、重稀土分馏明显,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和高场强元素(HFSE),显示出似OIB地球化学特征,与峨眉山高Ti玄武岩具高度亲缘性;低Ti基性岩具有相对较高的SiO_2、MgO和较低的FeO_t、P_2O_5,稀土配分曲线较平坦,富集LILE,严重亏损HFSE(Nb、Ta),与岛弧玄武岩地球化学特征类似。从微量元素比值及相关图解对岩浆源区和构造环境判别,那坡高Ti基性岩来自富集OIB地幔源区,而低Ti基性岩兼具OIB和岛弧岩浆源区的过渡特征。结合岩石地球化学特征及区域地质背景,认为那坡高Ti基性岩可能为峨眉山地幔柱岩浆作用的产物,低Ti基性岩为古特提斯俯冲与峨眉山地幔柱共同作用的产物,揭示了那坡地区晚二叠世同时受到峨眉山地幔柱和古特提斯俯冲相互作用的影响。     

滇西马厂箐复式岩体岩浆混合作用:岩石学与地球化学证据

滇西马厂箐铜矿区含矿斑岩体中的暗色包体与其寄主富碱花岗斑岩具有相似的地球化学的特征。寄主花岗斑岩Si O2含量为65.10%~70.60%,Al2O3为14.65%~17.55%,Mg O为0.80%~1.70%,Ca O为0.43%~1.92%,Na2O+K2O为8.25%~12.23%。受混染包体Si O2为62.50%~77.30%,Al2O3为10.00%~15.70%,Mg O为0.75%~3.82%,Ca O为0.86%~2.15%,Na2O+K2O为7.68%~10.22%。二者稀土配分曲线都是典型的右倾型配分模式,轻重稀土分馏明显,富集轻稀土、亏损重稀土。寄主岩具有高Sr(392.00×10-6~919.00×10-6)、低Y(10.10×10-6~17.10×10-6)、低Yb(1.00×10-6~1.40×10-6),高Sr/Y(33.24×10-6~104.43×10-6)、高(La/Yb)N(36.08×10-6~89.09×10-6)特点;暗色包体也具有高Sr(314.00×10-6~652.00×10-6),低Y(7.20×10-6~15.10×10-6)、低Yb(0.60×10-6~1.50×10-6)特征。通过对混染MME地球化学特征分析,结合前人对未混染或弱混染包体的研究资料,提出马厂箐复式岩体和其中的MME可能与该地区地幔玄武岩的底侵作用有关,而这种玄武岩底侵导致的不同岩浆混合作用可能是马厂箐铜矿的部分成矿条件。     

Tertiary deep crustal ultrametamorphism in the Hidaka metamorphic belt, northern Japan

The Main Zone of the Hidaka metamorphic belt is an imbricate stack of crustal material derived from an island arc in which a sequence of units with increasing metamorphic grade from low to high structural levels is exposed. The basal part of the metamorphic sequence underwent granulite facies metamorphism with peak P–T conditions of 7kbar, 870°C. In this zone pelitic granulite includes leucosomes which consist mainly of orthopyroxene-plagioclase-quartz.
To test whether the leucosome was derived by partial melting of the surrounding pelite, melting experiments of the pelitic granulite were carried out for water-saturated and dry systems at 7 kbar and 850°C. The chemical composition of the leucosome produced during these runs shows a peraluminous S-type tonalitic affinity and is located very close to the tie-line between the average melts produced in water-saturated systems and the average composition of the residual orthopyroxene + plagioclase. This therefore suggests that the lecosome in pelitic granulite was formed by incipient anatexis at close to the highest P–T condition of the Main Zone.
The age of the crustal anatexis is determined by the Rb-Sr whole rock isochron method for garnet-cordierite-biotite gneiss (host rock), garnet-orthopyroxene-cordierite gneiss (restite) and S-type tonalite (melt). This gives an age of 56.0 Ma with an initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of 0.705711. The S-type tonalite magmas that form large intrusive masses in the Main Zone were probably generated by crustal anatexis in deeper parts of the crust at the same time (late Palaeocene).     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of early Cretaceous sub-alkaline mafic dykes from Swangkre-Rongmil,East Garo Hills,Shillong plateau,northeast India

Numerous early Cretaceous mafic and alkaline dykes, mostly trending in N-S direction, are emplaced in the Archaean gneissic complex of the Shillong plateau, northeastern India. These dykes are spatially associated with the N-S trending deep-seated Nongchram fault and well exposed around the Swangkre-Rongmil region. The petrological and geochemical characteristics of mafic dykes from this area are presented. These mafic dykes show very sharp contact with the host rocks and do not show any signature of assimilation with them. Petrographically these mafic dykes vary from fine-grained basalt (samples from the dyke margin) to medium-grained dolerite (samples from the middle of the dyke) having very similar chemical compositions, which may be classified as basaltic-andesite/andesite. The geochemical characteristics of these mafic dykes suggest that these are genetically related to each other and probably derived from the same parental magma. Although, the high-field strength element (+rare-earth elements) compositions disallow the possibility of any crustal involvement in the genesis of these rocks, but Nb/La, La/Ta, and Ba/Ta ratios, and similarities of geochemical characteristics of present samples with the Elan Bank basalts and Rajmahal (Group II) mafic dyke samples, suggest minor contamination by assimilation with a small amount of upper crustal material. Chemistry, particularly REE, hints at an alkaline basaltic nature of melt. Trace element modelling suggests that the melt responsible for these mafic dykes had undergone extreme differentiation (∼ 50%) before its emplacement. The basaltic-andesite nature of these rocks may be attributed to this differentiation. Chemistry of these rocks also indicates ∼ 10–15% melting of the mantle source. The mafic dyke samples of the present investigation show very close geochemical similarities with the mafic rocks derived from the Kerguelen mantle plume. Perhaps the Swangkre-Rongmil mafic dykes are also derived from the Kerguelen mantle plume.