皖南青阳-泾县地区中酸性脉岩锆石特征、U-Pb年龄及地质意义

文章在对皖南青阳-泾县地区与金-锑多金属矿化有关的中酸性脉岩进行系统调查的基础上,开展了锆石特征及U-Pb定年研究,识别出新生锆石、变质重结晶锆石、捕获锆石和继承锆石共4类锆石,并相应获得一系列年龄值。新生锆石和变质重结晶锆石年龄(125～124 Ma)代表中酸性脉岩形成时代,该年龄值与皖南地区燕山期晚阶段A型花岗岩(130～123 Ma)年龄基本一致,指示二者为同一期岩浆热事件的产物。微量元素特征显示中酸性脉岩源区存在石榴子石残留,而A型花岗岩源区存在斜长石残留,指示源区具双峰式岩浆组合特征,表明该时期皖南地区处于强烈的拉张构造背景下。捕获锆石给出148～142 Ma和136～132 Ma 2组年龄,对应于皖南燕山期早阶段和晚阶段早侵入岩的年龄,暗示脉岩出露区的深部存在隐伏的燕山早期岩浆岩,脉岩岩浆侵位过程中同化混染了早期岩浆岩。继承锆石给出的年龄与扬子板块地壳增生和再造事件中的3期模式增长的年龄相对应,反映与江南过渡带可能有相同的基底物质组成。中酸性脉岩中锆石具有较低的Ce4+/Ce3+比值,表明其岩浆结晶时具有相对低的氧逸度,有利于金、锑的硫化物的形成,进而发育金-锑矿化。区内多金属矿床(点)具有较为明显的分带性,近岩基的中酸性岩株及其接触带发育斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床,成矿元素以钨、钼、铜为主;远离岩基的岩枝或岩脉状中酸性脉岩中及旁侧断裂带内发育脉状矿化,成矿元素以金、银、锑为主,显示出区域成矿作用受断裂构造系统、岩浆活动期次和成矿元素活动性的共同制约。     

Floods on the rivers within the Kama basin and flood-control measures

We examine the conditions of flood formation on water bodies in Permsky Krai. A spatio-temporal analysis is made of the development of floods on rivers. We demonstrate the possibility of using protection and bank-strengthening structures with an example of the Sylva, Iren and Shakva rivers in the area of the city of Kungur.     

Geneses of Two Types of Mafic Rocks to Carry Placer‐Magnetite Ores in the Sanin Granitic Belt,SW Japan

Two types of mafic rocks from the central Sanin district, and their mafic minerals, were studied chemically and microscopically. They are classified into pyroxene‐containing gabbroid and hornblende–biotite quartz diorite. The gabbroid had higher color index but lower magnetite content; while the quartz diorite had lower color index, but higher magnetite content. The magnetite contents are also related to the amounts of hydrous mafic silicates. The gabbroic magma having pyroxene–amphibole assemblage, originated in the upper mantle, was considered essentially anhydrous, but became partly hydrous on the way to the site of solidification in the continental crust, and crystallized some magnetites with hypersthene and amphibole. The quartz dioritic magma was formed by partial melting of possibly subducting ocean‐floor basalts, once exposed to the sea‐floor then altered; thus the magmas became hydrous and oxidized originally, and precipitated abundant magnetite and hydrous mafic silicates from the early crystallization stage onward. Their weathered parts provided the most placer magnetite ores in the history.     

舟山东港新城溃堤洪水演进数值模拟

台风会引起风暴增水和强浪。围填海工程建于软土地基上,海堤易产生不规则沉降,在台风引起的强浪作用下有可能发生溃堤,海水在高水位下大量涌入围区,引发灾难。针对溃坝的急变流特性,基于Delft3D Open Source,采用一种基于经典交错网格的改进型数值方法(其水流扩展流动数值近似算法符合动量守恒,而水流收缩流动数值近似则满足伯努利方程),建立了舟山东港新城溃堤洪水演进模型,并计算了最大可能风暴增水条件下溃堤洪水在东港新城的演进过程。结果表明,围区内的地形形势对洪水的演进及最终分布起了决定性作用,当溃口出现在不同位置时,影响范围和程度不一样。东港南部由于地势较低,且没有大型的吸纳洪水的人工湖,当附近出现50 m宽的溃口时,近乎整个南部区域都会受到海水的影响;而北部由于地势相对较高,影响有限。     

玉树北部二叠纪镁铁质岩的成因及其对大陆弧后盆地形成的指示

系统地调查与研究弧后盆地岩浆作用能为探究汇聚板块边缘的壳幔相互作用、板块俯冲动力学和弧后盆地形成-演化机制等提供重要信息。本文以最近在青海玉树北部地区发现的二叠纪镁铁质岩类为研究对象,开展了岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学与同位素地质学等研究,以期为深入认识大陆弧后盆地形成机制及有关镁铁质岩浆的起源提供关键线索。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学测定结果表明,玉树北部辉长岩的结晶年龄为260±1 Ma。玄武岩样品具有相对低的TiO₂和Nb/Y值以及相对高的Ce/Nb值,其相对于原始地幔要显著富集轻稀土和Th等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti和P等元素,可与世界上典型弧后盆地玄武岩(例如Okinawa Trough BABBs)成分特征类比。而辉长岩样品具有相对高的TiO₂和Nb/Y值以及相对低的Ce/Nb值,其相对于原始地幔要显著富集轻稀土和Th等元素,轻微亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,总体上具有与OIB类似的成分特征。玄武岩样品具有变化较大的ISr(0.706～0.709)和εNd(t)值(-1.8～+1.3),而辉长岩样品则具有相对均一的I...     

Mineral chemistry and genesis of the Permian Cihai and Cinan magnetite deposits,Beishan, NW China

Cihai and Cinan are Permian magnetite deposits related to mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Beishan region, Xinjiang, NW China. The Cihai mafic intrusion is dominantly composed of dolerite, gabbro and fine-grained massive magnetite ore, while gabbro, pyrrhotite + pyrite-bearing clinopyroxenite and magnetite ore comprise the major units in Cinan. Clinopyroxene occurs in both deposits as 0.1–2 mm in diameter subhedral to anhedral grains in dolerite, gabbro and clinopyroxenite. High FeO contents (11.7–28.9 wt%), low SiO₂ (43.6–54.3 wt%) and Al₂O₃ contents (0.15–6.08 wt%), and low total REE and trace element contents of clinopyroxene in the Cinan clinopyroxenite imply crystallization early, at high pressure. This clinopyroxene is FeO-rich and Si and Ti-poor, consistent with the clinopyroxene component of large-scale Cu-Ni sulfide deposits in the Eastern Tianshan and Panxi ares, as well as Tarim mafic intrusion and basalt, implying the Cinan mafic intrusion and sulfide is related to tectonic activity in the Tarim LIP. The similar mineral chemistry of clinopyroxene, apatite and magnetite in the Cihai and Cinan gabbros (e.g., depleted LREE, negative Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta anomalies in clinopyroxene, lack of Eu anomaly in apatite and similarity of oxygen fugacity as indicated by V in magnetite), indicate similar parental magmatic characteristics. Mineral compositions suggest a crystallization sequence of clinopyroxenite/with a small amount of sulfide – gabbro – magnetite ore in the Cinan deposit, and magnetite ore – gabbro – dolerite in Cihai. The basaltic magma was emplaced at depth, with magnetite segregation (and formation of the Cinan magnetite ores) occurring in relatively low fO₂ conditions, after clinopyroxenite and gabbro fractional crystallization. The evolved Fe-rich basaltic magma rapidly rose to intermediate or shallow depths, forming an immiscible Fe-Ti oxide magma as fO₂ increased and leaving a Fe-poor residual magma in the chamber. The residual magmas was emplaced at different levels in the crust, forming the Cihai gabbro and dolerite, respectively. Finally, the immiscible Fe-Ti oxide magma was emplaced into the earlier formed dolerite because of late magma pulse uplift, resulting in a distinct boundary between the magnetite ores and dolerite.     

The ~AD1315 Tarawera and Waiotapu eruptions, New Zealand: contemporaneous rhyolite and hydrothermal eruptions driven by an arrested basalt dike system?

A series of large hydrothermal eruptions occurred across the Waiotapu geothermal field at about the same (prehistoric) time as the ~AD1315 Kaharoa rhyolite magmatic eruptions from Tarawera volcano vents, 10–20 km distant. Triggering of the Waiotapu hydrothermal eruptions was previously attributed to displacement of the adjacent Ngapouri Fault. The Kaharoa rhyolite eruptions are now recognised as primed and triggered by multiple basalt intrusions beneath the Tarawera volcano. A ~1000 t/day pulse of CO₂ gas is recorded by alteration mineralogy and fluid inclusions in drill core samples from Waiotapu geothermal wells. This CO₂ pulse is most readily sourced from basalt intruded at depth, and although not precisely dated, it appears to be associated with the Waiotapu hydrothermal eruptions. We infer that the hydrothermal eruptions at Waiotapu were primed by intrusion of the same arrested basalt dike system that drove the rhyolite eruptions at Tarawera. This dike system was likely similar at depth to the dike that generated basalt eruptions from a 17 km-long fissure that formed across the Tarawera region in AD1886. Fault ruptures that occurred in the Waiotapu area in association with both the AD1886 and ~AD1315 eruptions are considered to be a result, rather than a cause, of the dike intrusion processes.Editorial responsibility: J. Donnelly-Nolan     

P-T-X (CO2) conditions in mafic and calc-silicate hornfelses from Oberon, New South Wales, Australia

Abstract The Rockley Volcanics from near Oberon, New South Wales occur within the aureole of the Carboniferous Bathurst Batholith and have been contact metamorphosed at P ∼ 100 ± 50MPa (10.5kbar) and a maximum T ∼ 565°C in the presence of a C–O–H fluid. Prior to contact metamorphism the volcanics were regionally metamorphosed and altered with the extensive development of actinolite, chlorite, plagioclase, quartz and calcite. The contact metamorphosed equivalents of these rocks have been subdivided into: Ca-poor (cordierite + gedrite), Mg-rich (amphibole + olivine + spinel), mafic (amphibole + plagioclase) and Ca-rich (amphibole + garnet + diopside; diopside + plagioclase; garnet + diopside + wollastonite) rocks.
The chemistry of the minerals in the hornfelses was controlled by the bulk rock chemistry and fluid composition. Pargasites and hastingsites as well as an unusual phlogopite with blue green pleochroism, are found in Ca-rich hornfelses. A comparison of the assemblages with experimentally derived equilibria suggests that the fluid phase associated with the Ca-rich hornfelses was water-rich (X_co2= 0.1 to 0.3) while that associated with the Mg-rich hornfelses was enriched in CO₂ (X_co2 > 0.7). The different hornfels types have reacted to contact metamorphism independently in both their solid and fluid chemistries.     

Nb/Ta variations of mafic volcanics on the Archean- Proterozoic boundary: Implications for the Nb/Ta imbalance

Hofmann[1] found that the depleted mantle (DM) and bulk continental crust (BCC) are simply compen-satory in terms of many elements and elemental ratios. High-field-strength elements (HFSE) (e.g., Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and Ti) are immobile and thus useful to track the primary features of the ancient mafic volcanics. It has been long considered that Nb-Ta behave as identical twins during magmatic processes, based on their matching atomic radii and valence state and hence coherent geochemical affi…     

新疆图拉尔根基性-超基性岩体中基性包体岩石地球化学特征及其成岩过程

新疆哈密图拉尔根铜镍硫化物矿床是东天山黄山-镜儿泉韧性剪切带上的一个典型岩浆熔离-贯入型矿床。在图拉尔根岩体中的角闪辉橄岩相中发育了一些基性包体,这些包体尺寸在几到几十厘米之间,岩性主要为辉长岩、斜长岩,辉长岩包体含矿性好,而斜长岩包体不含矿。通过岩相学观察发现,包体与寄主岩在矿物种类、含量、蚀变类型及程度以及矿物接触交代关系和生成顺序上存在较大的差异,并且,两者存在截然的接触边,该接触边以鳞片状绿泥石为主。哈克图解和SiO₂与不相容元素La、Nd、Zr、Yb的相关性图解都显示图拉尔根基性-超基性岩体样品具有很好的相关性,而包体样品则不具有明显的相关性,指示了岩浆混染作用在包体成岩中的重要作用。微量元素地球化学特征显示包体和图拉尔根岩体均具Nb、Ta亏损,这可能是陆壳混染作用的结果,或源区存在俯冲的洋壳物质。此外,包体中K、Pb、Sr、P含量非常高,暗示后期流体作用较强;包体的Nb/U、Ce/Pb值都更接近大陆地壳的值,这些都说明陆壳混染的可能性较高,或存在较强的流体迁移作用。