High-Field-Strength Elements in Mafic Volcanics from North China Craton: Implications for Archean-Proterozoic Boundary and Source Composition

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湘东北中生代基性岩脉岩石地球化学特征

湘东北基性岩脉以 K2 O/ Na2 O<1,K2 O+Na2 O在 3.0 3～ 5 .5 7之间为特征 ,属陆内拉斑玄武岩系列 ,部分煌斑岩属于碱性系列。岩石富 L REE,δEu负异常不明显 ,其形成主要受软流圈地幔部分熔融作用制约。岩石微量元素总体上具有富集地幔 (EMII型 )洋岛玄武岩 (OIB)特征 ,富集 Nd,P,Cs,而 K,Rb,Sr,U,Th等富集程度不明显 ,Ta,Nb略有富集。湘东北的北部地区基性岩脉虽表现出 Ta,Nb,Ti亏损 ,但 L IL E并不富集 ,可能反映地壳混染程度的增强 ,基性岩脉的特质组成与湘东南玄武岩类岩石基本一致。推测两者应具有同一个地幔源区。依据侵入关系和区域对比 ,认为湘东北基性岩脉的形成是早白垩世以后晚燕山期岩石圈拉张 -减薄作用产物 ,湘东北基性岩脉所处的构造环境应属于整个湘东南岩石圈伸展 -减薄带的一部分。     

胶西北两类金矿床暗色脉岩的碳、氧同位素地球化学研究

胶西北部金矿床化过程伴生的暗色脉岩是以煌斑岩为主的钾玄岩-高钾钙碱性岩。详细研究其两类代表性矿床的脉岩内碳酸盐碳、氧内位素和全岩氧同位素发现，石英脉岩型矿床的δ^18OSMOW,方解石为10.2‰-11.6‰、δ^13CPDB,方解石=-3.5‰、δ^18OSMOW，全岩为5.8‰-6.6‰，蚀变岩型矿床的δ^18OSMOW,方解石为7.18‰-8.66‰、δ^13OSMOW，全岩为6.9‰-10.6‰。通过对源区的δ^13CPDB、δ^18OSMOW特征和同位素效应与就位环境关系的讨论，初步认为：两类矿床的暗色脉岩为同源岩浆演化的产物，初始岩浆来源于洋壳俯冲提供流体与岩石圈地幔发生交代作用而形成富集地幔。两类矿区暗色岩的碳、氧同位素体系的相对独立性与岩浆演化过程就位环境有关。     

The discovery of the Neoarchean mafic dyke swarm in Hengshan and reinterpretation of the previous "Wutai greenstone belt"

The structural mapping and section study indicate that the "greenstone belts" in the southern to central parts of Hengshan were intensively sheared and transposed mafic dyke swarm,which originally intruded into the Neoarchean grey gneiss and high-pressure granulite terrain(HPGT).The HPGT is characterized by flat-dipping structures,to the south it became steep and was cut by the Dianmen mafic dyke swarm.After high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphic event,the mafic dyke swarm occurred,and was associated with the extensional setting and reworked by the late strike-slip shearing.The zircon age dating proves that the Dianmen mafic dyke swarm was emplaced during the period between 2499±4 Ma and 2512±3 Ma,followed by late tectonothermal reworking.The Dianmen mafic dyke swarm further documents the extensional episode in the central to northern parts of North China Craton(NCC),providing the important constraint for the limit between Archean and Proterozoic and correlation between NCC and other cratonic blocks of the world.     

The 1919–1920 eruption of Mauna Iki,Kilauea: chronology,geologic mapping,and magma transport mechanisms

Utilizing historical accounts, field mapping, and photogeology, this paper presents a chronology of, and an analysis of magma transport during, the December 1919 to August 1920 satellitic shield eruption of Mauna Iki on the SW rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. The eruption can be divided into four stages based on the nature of the eruptive activity. Stage 1 consisted of the shallow injection of a dike from the summit region to the eventual eruption site 10 km downrift. During stage 2, a low ridge of pahoehoe formed in the vent area; later a large a'a flow broke out of this ridge and flowed 8.5 km SW at an average flow front velocity of 0.5 km/day. The eruption continued until mid-August producing almost exclusively pahoehoe, first as gas-rich overflows from a lava pond (stage 3), and later as denser tube-fed lava (stage 4) that reached almost 8 km from the vent at an average flow-front velocity of 0.1 km/day. Magma transport during the Mauna Iki eruption is examined using three criteria: (1) eruption characteristics and volumetric flow rates; (2) changes in the surface height of the Halemaumau lava lake; and (3) tilt measurements made at the summit of Kilauea. We find good correlation between Halemaumau lake activity and the eruptive stages. Additionally, the E-W component of summit tilt tended to mimic the lake activity. The N-S component, however, did not. Multiple storage zones in the shallow summit region probably accounted for the decoupling of E-W and N-S tilt components. Analysis of these criteria shows that at different times during the eruption, magma was either emplaced into the volcano without eruption, hydraulically drained from Halemaumau to Mauna Iki, or fed at steady-state conditions from summit storage to Mauna Iki. Volume calculations indicate that the supply rate to Kilauea during the eruption was around 3 m³/s, similar to that calculated during the Mauna Ulu and Kupaianaha shield-building eruptions, and consistent with previously determined values of long-term supply to Kilauea.     

Petrogenesis of the earliest Early Cretaceous mafic rocks from the Cona area of the eastern Tethyan Himalaya in south Tibet: Interaction between the incubating Kerguelen plume and the eastern Greater India lithosphere?

The relationship between the breakup of eastern Gondwanaland and the Kerguelen plume activity is a subject of debate. The Cona mafic rocks are widely exposed in the Cona area of the eastern Himalaya of south Tibet, and are studied in order to evaluate this relationship. Cona mafic rocks consist predominantly of massive basaltic flows and diabase sills or dikes, and are divided into three groups. Group 1 is composed of basaltic flows and diabase sills or dikes and is characterized by higher TiO₂ and P₂O₅ content and OIB-like trace element patterns with a relatively large range of Nd(T) values (+ 1.84 to + 4.67). A Group 1 diabase sill has been dated at 144.7 ± 2.4 Ma. Group 2 consists of gabbroic sills or crosscutting gabbroic intrusions characterized by lower TiO₂ and P₂O₅ content and “depleted” N-MORB-like trace element patterns with relatively higher, homogeneous Nd(T) values (+ 5.68 to + 6.37). A Group 2 gabbroic diabase dike has been dated at 131.1 ± 6.1 Ma. Group 3 basaltic lavas are interbedded with the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous pelitic sediments; they have compositions transitional between Groups 1 and 2 and flat to slightly enriched trace element patterns. Sr–Nd isotopic data and REE modeling indicate that variable degrees of partial melting of distinct mantle source compositions (enriched garnet–clinopyroxene peridotite for Group 1 and spinel-lherzolite for Group 2, respectively) could account for the chemical diversity of the Cona mafic rocks. Geochemical similarities between the Cona mafic rocks and the basalts probably created by the Kerguelen plume based on spatial–temporal constraints seem to indicate that an incubating Kerguelen plume model is more plausible than a model of normal rifting (nonplume) for the generation of the Cona mafic rocks. Group 1 is interpreted as being related to the incubating Kerguelen plume–lithosphere interaction; Group 2 is likely related to an interaction between anhydrous lithosphere and rising depleted asthenosphere enriched by a “droplet” originating from the Kerguelen plume, while Group 3 may be attributed to thermal erosion resulting in the partial melting of lithosphere during the long-term incubation of a magma chamber/pond at a shallow crustal level. The Cona mafic rocks are probably related to a progressively lithospheric thinning beneath eastern Gondwanaland from 150–145 Ma to 130 Ma. Our new observations seem to indicate that the Kerguelen plume may have started its incubation as early as the latest Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous period and that the incubating Kerguelen plume may play an active role in the breakup of Greater India, eastern India, and northwestern Australia.     

Geochemical constraints on the late-stage evolution of basaltic magma as revealed by composite dikes within the Kangâmiut dike swarm, West Greenland

The Kangâmiut dike swarm in West Greenland contains numerous composite dikes with mafic margins and andesitic centers. Internal chilled margins show that the andesitic centers intruded into the middle of the mafic dikes. Major element systematics indicate that the fractionation of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxides drove the evolution of the Kangâmiut parental magma during its transition from mafic to andesitic compositions. Incompatible trace elements show a marked relative decrease in middle and heavy rare-earth elements (REE) between the mafic margins and the andesitic centers. The decrease in the REE is not explicable by olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and Fe–Ti oxide fractionation or by the fractionation of the accessory phases apatite, zircon or garnet. Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd isotopes from margin and center pairs from these composite dikes are nearly identical indicating that crustal contamination had little to no affect on their evolution. Trace element modeling utilizing the mixing of evolved Kangâmiut magmas and low degree melts derived from partial melting of garnet lherzolite produce excellent fits with the trace element patterns for the andesitic centers. These models suggest that the late-stage evolution of the Kangâmiut dikes included input of mantle melts produced during the end stages of rifting.     

攀西裂谷地区层状镁铁岩的PGE矿化作用

攀西裂谷位于四川西部,裂谷经历了元古宙和海西期二次地幔柱活动,形成多处穹窿构造和层状镁铁质岩体的侵入。后一期的层状岩体赋存著名的超大型钒钛磁铁矿床。中国和南非合作研究认为,层状岩体PGE矿化应进一步研究。以新街岩体为代表,经钻探工程建立了岩体剖面;岩石学、矿物学和地球化学研究证实,岩体有三个岩浆旋回和许多韵律层,层厚仅2~3cm。自上而下岩相为辉长岩、橄辉岩、辉石岩和橄榄岩,造岩矿物为贵橄榄石、普通辉石、钛普通辉石和中长石。岩体下部旋回,硫化物较富集,多在高镁质岩相。硅酸盐、氧化物和硫化物三系列矿物共生而不混熔。硫化物呈浸染状,主要有三层,产在橄榄岩、辉石岩和下辉长岩内。铂族矿物有砷铂矿、自然铂、硫锇矿、铋碲钯矿、碲铋矿、碲银矿、自然银等。PGE富集可能有三个阶段:岩浆早期,岩浆中"S"不饱和,PGE易进入硅酸盐;岩浆晚期"S"逸度增高,硫化物富集,为PGE富集阶段;热液阶段PGE再分配富集。PGE和Ni、Cu、S为正相关关系,和Fe、Ti相辅相成,无明显关系。岩石中PGE背景值为(0.166~0.411)×10-6,PGE矿化体的品位变化较大,为(0.94~0.976)×10-6。有的钻孔样品Pt+Pd含量大于1×10-6,可做进一步找矿的依据。     

Oligocene crustal xenolith‐bearing alkaline basalt from Jandaq area (Central Iran): implications for magma genesis and crustal nature

The Oligocene alkaline basalts of Toveireh area (southwest of Jandaq, Central Iran) exhibit northwest–southeast to west–east exposure in northwest of the central‐east Iranian microcontinent (CEIM). These basalts are composed of olivine (Fo_70–90), clinopyroxene (diopside, augite), plagioclase (labradorite), spinel, and titanomagnetite as primary minerals and serpentine and zeolite as secondary ones. They are enriched in alkalis, TiO₂ and light rare earth elements (La/Yb = 9.64–12.68) and are characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (Cs, Rb, Ba) and high field strength elements (Nb, Ta). The geochemical features of the rocks suggest that the Toveireh alkaline basalts are derived from a moderate degree partial melting (10–20%) of a previously enriched garnet lherzolite of asthenospheric mantle. Subduction of the CEIM confining oceanic crust from the Triassic to Eocene is the reason of mantle enrichment. The studied basalts contain mafic‐ultramafic and aluminous granulitic xenoliths. The rock‐forming minerals of the mafic‐ultramafic xenoliths are Cr‐free/poor spinel, olivine, Al‐rich pyroxene, and feldspar. The aluminous granulitic xenoliths consist of an assemblage of hercynitic spinel + plagioclase (andesine–labradorite) ± corundum ± sillimanite. They show interstitial texture, which is consistent with granulite facies. They are enriched in high field strength elements (Ti, Nb and Ta), light rare earth elements (La/Yb = 37–193) and exhibit a positive Eu anomaly. These granulitic xenoliths may be Al‐saturated but Si‐undersaturated feldspar bearing restitic materials of the lower crust. The Oligocene Toveireh basaltic magma passed and entrained these xenoliths from the lower crust to the surface.     

赣中南城县辉绿岩锆石LA-ICPMS年代学及岩石地球化学特征

燕山期是华南地区最主要的成矿阶段。近年,越来越多的学者认为该时期形成的众多金属矿床与基性岩脉关系密切。赣中南城地区Au-U等多金属矿化异常明显,区域范围内辉绿岩脉发育。本文针对地表辉绿岩样品进行岩石地球化学和年代学等方面研究。分析结果表明,研究区内岩石主量元素表现相对富铝(w(Al2O3)=12.07%~13.71%),富镁和富钙(w(MgO)=8.77%~10.86%;w(CaO)=10.77%~12.21%),低钛和低碱(w(TiO2)=1.18%~1.58%;w(Na2O+K2O)=3.09%~4.01%),Mg^#=8.91~55.78,w(FeO^T)=14.41%~16.87%,表明研究区内辉绿岩的基性程度较高,初始岩浆演化程度不高,早期没有发生明显的分离结晶作用,岩浆来源具有壳幔混合特征。样品整体富集Rb,Ba,Th,La,Sm等元素,亏损K,Hf,Ti,Yb,Lu等元素。REE配分曲线呈平缓的右倾轻稀土元素富集型,样品(La/Yb)N值在41.25~71.73之间且Ce,Eu无异常。其成岩年龄为158.0 Ma±3.4 Ma,形成于晚侏罗世,辉绿岩的成岩时间与该时期赣中南古陆大部分辉绿岩形成大地构造背景差异性较大,说明赣中南古陆在该时期大地构造背景复杂,推测当时研究区辉绿岩形成于华南和华北地块碰撞引起的多阶段岩石圈伸展拉张的构造环境。