确定大江大河防洪堤高度应考虑地面沉降因素——对1998中国大洪水的反思

世界上抽汲地下水或石油引起地面沉降正越来越普遍。大江大河防洪能力降低是地面沉降灾害现象之一。上海因地面沉降产生严重的洪涝灾害,上海外滩防汛墙高度的主要决定因素是地面沉降。沙市、武汉、哈尔滨和大庆等城市和地区是我国1998年夏特大洪水的重灾地区,这些城市和地区实际上已存在地面沉降问题。几十年来产生的地面沉降很可能已降低了这些地区江河大堤的防洪能力,从而加重了这次洪涝灾害。建议在确定大江大河防洪堤高度应考虑地面沉降因素,并尽快对重点城市和地区进行地面沉降调查与预测研究。     

Progression of deformation and sedimentation in the southernmost Andes

The chronology of thrust motion in the Fuegian thin-skinned fold-thrust belt was established using data from the Atlantic coast of Tierra del Fuego. A set of original structural–geological maps showing the distribution of structures, unconformities and synorogenic sequences in the last tip of the Andes reveals the cratonward propagation of thrusts and sedimentary depocenters. A succession of syntectonic angular and progressive unconformities occur in the studied zone: (1) an angular unconformity between Danian and Late Paleocene sequences, (2) a series of progressive and syntectonic angular unconformities developed from the Late Early Eocene to the Late Eocene, and (3) a Lower Miocene syntectonic unconformity. Additional evidence for the time–space location of the thrust-front is provided by the presence of seismically triggered sand intrusions in Late Cretaceous, Late Paleocene and Middle Miocene sequences.The integration of data shows that faulting occurred in three main episodes: San Vicente thrusting, ca. 61–55 Ma, Río Bueno thrusting, ca. 49–34, and Punta Gruesa strike-slip event, ca. 24–16 Ma. San Vicente thrusting represents the onset of thrust propagation onto the foreland craton. The thrust-front endured a major cratonward migration through the Río Bueno thrusting, and remained steady afterward. Punta Gruesa constitutes a strike-slip event, associated with the phase of wrench deformation that influences the southernmost Andes since the Oligocene. Although the overall pattern of faulting was progressively younger cratonward, several episodes of out-of-sequence thrusting and folding occurred.Other features in the southernmost Andes can be linked to these three deformation events to broadly characterize the behavior of the Fuegian orogenic wedge in terms of critical taper models. The Fuegian Andes underwent at least three cycles between subcritical, critical and supercritical stages of behavior in terms of deformation, erosion, and sedimentation.     

山东灵山岛北背来石剖面下白垩统顺层砂脉的特征及其成因动力学分析*

山东灵山岛北背来石剖面下白垩统莱阳组发育大量砂脉。根据砂脉与层面的关系,将其分为顺层砂脉和非顺层砂脉。前者主要发育在三角洲前缘黑色泥岩中,顶、底界面普遍参差不齐,常与软沉积变形构造共生。在分析砂脉特征的基础上,建立了非地震条件下顺层砂脉侵入的物理模型和公式,推导出液化砂层的深度与侵位深度和上覆沉积层厚度之间的关系,认为形成大型砂脉的液化砂层深度都很大。该实例对研究砂脉的成因、湖泊相关沉积及盆地构造运动具有重要意义。     

桂西那坡基性岩地球化学:峨眉山地幔柱与古特提斯俯冲相互作用的证据

华南板块西南缘、越北地块以北桂西那坡县城以西及西南一带发育一套晚二叠世基性岩,由层状、似层状次火山岩相辉绿岩、辉绿玢岩及球状岩组成。根据岩石地球化学特征,那坡基性岩可划分为高Ti(TiO_22.8%和Ti/Y500)和低Ti两部分。高Ti基性岩为碱性玄武岩,而低Ti基性岩为拉斑玄武岩。与低Ti基性岩相比,高Ti基性岩整体具有相对较低的SiO_2、MgO和较高的FeO_t、P_2O_5,轻、重稀土分馏明显,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和高场强元素(HFSE),显示出似OIB地球化学特征,与峨眉山高Ti玄武岩具高度亲缘性;低Ti基性岩具有相对较高的SiO_2、MgO和较低的FeO_t、P_2O_5,稀土配分曲线较平坦,富集LILE,严重亏损HFSE(Nb、Ta),与岛弧玄武岩地球化学特征类似。从微量元素比值及相关图解对岩浆源区和构造环境判别,那坡高Ti基性岩来自富集OIB地幔源区,而低Ti基性岩兼具OIB和岛弧岩浆源区的过渡特征。结合岩石地球化学特征及区域地质背景,认为那坡高Ti基性岩可能为峨眉山地幔柱岩浆作用的产物,低Ti基性岩为古特提斯俯冲与峨眉山地幔柱共同作用的产物,揭示了那坡地区晚二叠世同时受到峨眉山地幔柱和古特提斯俯冲相互作用的影响。     

新疆东天山红石岗北铜镍矿化镁铁质岩体岩石成因及成矿潜力分析

红石岗北岩体是新疆有色地质勘查局704队于2014年新发现的,产于东天山康古尔—黄山韧性剪切带内。岩体地表主要岩性为闪长岩、角闪辉长岩和橄榄辉长岩,硫化物主要由磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿和黄铜矿组成。为准确评价岩体深部找矿潜力,本文在对该岩体开展系统的锆石U-Pb年代学、矿物晶体化学、岩石地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素研究基础上,结合其地球物理特征,将其与东天山已知典型铜镍矿床进行了系统对比研究。结果表明红石岗北岩体锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为276.1±5.4Ma,表明其形成于早二叠世。橄榄石Fo值为69.9~72.6,属贵橄榄石,Ni含量变化范围为101×10~(-6)~1326×10~(-6);单斜辉石主要为顽透辉石—透辉石;斜方辉石主要为古铜辉石。MgO与SiO_2、CaO和Al_2O_3之间呈明显的负相关性,与FeO~T呈明显的正相关性。在稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图解上,所有样品均呈轻稀土略富集的右倾型,相对富集大离子亲石元素(Cs、Sr、Ba),具有明显的Nb、Ta负异常。样品(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.70342~0.70349,ε_(Nd)(t)=+7.51~+8.25(t=276Ma),Sr、Nd同位素模拟计算表明母岩浆上升过程中遭受了约5%的地壳物质混染。与东天山地区已知典型铜镍矿床相比,红石岗北岩体中橄榄石Fo值及主量元素含量明显偏低,且变化范围较小,但其形成时代、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素特征和同化混染程度均相似,表明红石岗北岩体与黄山东、黄山等矿床的岩浆源区性质、构造背景、母岩浆成分及演化过程具有相似性,暗示红石岗北岩体深部应存在超镁铁质岩石。红石岗北岩体地表磁异常、剩余重力异常和视电阻率均与东天山已知铜镍矿床具有相似性,表明其深部可能存在赋矿的超镁铁质岩体。综上所述,我们认为红石岗北岩体深部具有较大的铜镍找矿潜力。     

Missing ophiolitic rocks along the Mae Yuam Fault as the Gondwana–Tethys divide in north-west Thailand

Abstract Thailand comprises two continental blocks: Sibumasu and Indochina. The clastic rocks of the Triassic Mae Sariang Group are distributed in the Mae Hong Son–Mae Sariang area, north‐west Thailand, which corresponds to the central part of Sibumasu. The clastic rocks yield abundant detrital chromian spinels, indicating a source of ultramafic/mafic rocks. The chemistry of the detrital chromian spinels suggests that they were derived from three different rock types: ocean‐floor peridotite, chromitite and intraplate basalt, and that ophiolitic rocks were exposed in the area, where there are no outcrops of them at present. Exposition of an ophiolitic complex denotes a suture zone or other tectonic boundary. The discovery of chromian spinels suggests that the Gondwana–Tethys divide is located along the Mae Yuam Fault zone. Both paleontological and tectonic aspects support this conclusion.     

桂岭岩体及其暗色微粒包体的岩石成因和地质意义

文章通过桂岭岩体及其暗色微粒包体的岩石学和地球化学研究,探讨了南岭西段早古生代壳幔相互作用及其构造背景.研究结果表明,桂岭岩体主要岩石类型为黑云母二长花岗岩,其SiO2含量为70.24％～75.13％,全碱含量为7.95％～8.44％;(La/Yb)N值为5.0～8.4,具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损和明显负Eu异常(δE...     

Genesis and geological significance of sulfide bearing mafic enclaves and host syenite in Heishishan,East Kunlun: Evidence from geochronology,mineralogy, geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopesSCIEI北大核心CSCD

黑石山铜铅锌矿床位于东昆仑造山带中段的五龙沟地区,矿区内的石英二长岩-正长岩发育有暗色微粒包体,本研究在包体中发现了硫化物。锆石U-Pb定年显示,正长岩形成于239.4±1.0Ma,具有富Si和K,贫Mg、Cr、Ni,明显的Eu负异常,富集大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素,较为富集的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素特征。暗色微粒包体由斜长石和角闪石组成,可见角闪石堆晶,贫硅、富钙、铝、碱和铁,Mg#值为38.37,具有明显的Eu负异常,轻重稀土分馏弱。结合宿主正长岩和暗色包体的矿物成分相似性和岩相学特征,本文认为暗色微粒包体与正长岩来自同一个岩浆房,属于同源岩浆包体,是岩浆房早期分离结晶相,被中酸性岩脉携带上升至正长岩熔体中,一起侵位至浅部地壳。综合岩石地球化学、同位素和矿物成分,本文认为正长岩是下地壳含水镁铁质岩石在压力较低条件下部分熔融的产物。暗色微粒包体中发育硫化物,且包体岩浆的硫含量远高于正长岩岩浆,指示岩浆房的早期分离结晶相带走了硫,使残余熔体贫硫。     

恒山中元古代早期基性岩墙群的单颗粒锆石U—Pb年龄及其克拉通构造演化意义

华北克拉通中北部变质基底发育大规模的前寒武纪基性岩墙群,由于基性岩墙同位素定年技术存在问题,因此一直未获得岩墙群的确切年龄数据。本文利用单颗粒锆石U-Pb化学法,首次获得恒山地区北西向基性岩墙群的U-Pb年龄为1769.1±2.5Ma,并证明它代表基性岩墙群的侵位年龄,这一年龄数据也是华北克拉通大规模分布的未变质基性岩墙群已知的最古老年龄。综合分析同期岩浆活动的同位素年龄记录,本文提出中元古代早期华北的岩浆侵位发生于伸展构造背景下。     

Bundelkhand mafic dykes, Central Indian Shield: Implications for the role of sediment subduction in Proterozoic crustal evolution

Abstract The Archean to Paleo–Proterozoic Bundelkhand massif basement of the central Indian shield has been dissected by numerous mafic dykes of Proterozoic age. These dykes are low‐Ti tholeiites, ranging in composition from subalkaline basalt through basaltic‐andesite to dacite. They are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE), large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSE: Nb, P and Ti). Negative Sr anomaly is conspicuous. Nb/La ratios of the dykes are much lower compared with the primitive mantle, not much different from the average crustal values, but quite similar to those of continental and subduction related basaltic rocks. Bulk contamination of the mantle derived magma by crustal material is inadequate to explain the observed geochemical characteristics; instead contamination of the mantle/lithospheric source(s) via subduction of sediment is a better proposition. Thus, in addition to generating juvenile crust along the former island arcs, subduction processes appear to have influence on the development of enriched mantle/lithospheric source(s). The Bundelkhand massif basement is inferred to represent subduction related juvenile crust, that experienced lithospheric extension and rifting possibly in response to mantle plume activities. The latter probably supplied the required heat, material (fluids) and extensional environment to trigger melting in the refractory lithospheric source(s) and emplacement of the mafic dykes. Proterozoic mafic magmatic rocks from Bundelkhand, Aravalli, Singhbhum and Bastar regions of the Indian shield and those from the Garhwal region of the Lesser Himalaya display remarkably similar enriched incompatible trace elements characteristics, although limited chemical variations are observed in all these rocks. This may indicate the existence of a large magmatic province, different parts of which might have experienced similar petrogenetic processes and were probably derived from mantle/lithospheric source(s) with similar trace element characteristics. The minor, less enriched to depleted components of the Jharol Group of the Aravalli terrane and those from the Singhbhum terrane may represent protracted phases of rifting, that probably caused thinning and mobilization of the lithosphere, facilitating the eruption/emplacement of the asthenospheric melts (with N‐ to T‐types mid‐oceanic ridge basalts signatures) and deposition of deep water facies sediments in the younger developing oceanic basins. In contrast, Bundelkhand region did not experience such protracted rifting, although dyke swarms were emplaced and shallow water Bijawar Group and Vindhyan Supergroup sediments were deposited in continental rift basins. All these discrete Proterozoic terranes appear to have experienced similar petrogenetic processes, tectonomagmatic and possibly temporal evolution involving subduction processes, influencing the lithospheric source characteristics, followed by probably mantle plume induced ensialic rifting through to the development of oceanic basins in the Indian shield regions and their extension in the Lesser Himalaya.