The 26{middle dot}5 ka Oruanui Eruption, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand: Development, Characteristics and Evacuation of a Large Rhyolitic Magma Body

The caldera-forming 26·5 ka Oruanui eruption (Taupo,New Zealand) erupted 530 km³ of magma, >99% rhyolitic, <1%mafic. The rhyolite varies from 71·8 to 76·7 wt% SiO₂ and 76 to 112 ppm Rb but is dominantly 74–76 wt% SiO₂. Average rhyolite compositions at each stratigraphiclevel do not change significantly through the eruption sequence.Oxide geothermometry, phase equilibria and volatile contentsimply magma storage at 830–760°C, and 100–200MPa. Most rhyolite compositional variations are explicable by28% crystal fractionation involving the phenocryst and accessoryphases (plagioclase, orthopyroxene, hornblende, quartz, magnetite,ilmenite, apatite and zircon). However, scatter in some elementconcentrations and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, and the presence of non-equilibriumcrystal compositions imply that mixing of liquids, phenocrystsand inherited crystals was also important in assembling thecompositional spectrum of rhyolite. Mafic compositions comprisea tholeiitic group (52·3–63·3 wt % SiO₂)formed by fractionation and crustal contamination of a contaminatedtholeiitic basalt, and a calc-alkaline group (56·7–60·5wt % SiO₂) formed by mixing of a primitive olivine–plagioclasebasalt with rhyolitic and tholeiitic mafic magmas. Both maficgroups are distinct from other Taupo Volcanic Zone eruptivesof comparable SiO₂ content. Development and destruction by eruptionof the Oruanui magma body occurred within 40 kyr and Oruanuicompositions have not been replicated in vigorous younger activity.The Oruanui rhyolite did not form in a single stage of evolutionfrom a more primitive forerunner but by rapid rejuvenation ofa longer-lived polygenetic, multi-age ‘stockpile’of silicic plutonic components in the Taupo magmatic system. KEY WORDS: Taupo Volcanic Zone; Taupo volcano; Oruanui eruption; rhyolite, zoned magma chamber; juvenile mafic compositions; eruption withdrawal systematics     

镁铁-超镁铁层状侵入体研究现状

本文主要探讨了镁铁 -超镁铁层状侵入体的一般特征及成因机制 ,并对世界上著名的斯开利戛德、布什维尔德、斯蒂尔沃特层状侵入体和我国攀西层状侵入体的岩石学和地球化学特征进行了总结和对比。     

淹没丁坝群水力计算的试验研究

通过三姓浅滩定床物理模型试验,对淹没丁坝群的有关水力计算及对水位影响进行了试验研究,并提出了一种淹没丁坝群水面线计算的虚糙率方法.该方法简便实用,经实测资料验证,吻合较好.     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵镁铁质麻粒岩的地球化学特征及其中压变质作用

在东南极普里兹湾拉斯曼丘陵地区变泥质岩和长英质片麻岩中，定向分布着透镜状、扁豆状和香肠状镁铁质、超镁铁质麻粒岩。这些岩石主量元素、微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征显示其原岩化学成分具镁铁质堆晶岩特征，并可能代表岩墙的构造作用残留体。在米洛半岛发现石榴子石周围有斜方辉石和斜长石的反应边，斜方辉石和斜长石由下述反应形成：石榴子石＋石英→斜方辉石＋斜长石。这个反应为减压反应，应用地质温压计确定其温度和压力分别为７４７±４８°Ｃ和６．３±０．５ｋｂａｒ，本文首次应用石榴子石－斜方辉石－斜长石－石英组合确立本区早期中压麻粒岩相事件的存在。本文还对镁铁质麻粒岩的原岩成因及矿物中的减压结构所代表的构造意义进行了探讨     

堤坝隐患探测技术研究进展

我国堤防数量众多,质量参差不齐,对人民生命财产安全造成了很大威胁。利用各种物理探测手段查找堤防隐患对保证防洪工程安全具有重要意义。本文简要总结了我国堤防隐患无损探测技术概况并对近年来在此领域内取得的主要进展进行了回顾与总结。文章最后对堤防无损探测技术今后的发展进行了展望。     

Zircon geochronology and geochemistry of mafic xenoliths from Liaoning kimberlites:Track the early evolution of the lower crust,North China Craton

Since the formation of the primal nucleus at 3.8Ga[1], the North China had underwent the multi-cycle geologic processes such as arc accretion[2—4] andrift[5—7], and finally accomplished the craton[8] aroundat 1.8 Ga[2,3,9]. Paleozoic Fuxian kimberlites (LiaoningProvince) contain not only abundant peridotitic butalso mafic xenoliths. The investigation on peridotiticxenoliths indicted that the North China Craton hadcold and thick lithospheric root in the middle Ordovi-cian. The deep part o…     

Palaeomagnetism of 935 Ma mafic dykes in southern Sweden and implications for the Sveconorwegian Loop

New palaeomagnetic results for the 935 Ma Göteborg-Slussen mafic dykes in southern Sweden provide a well-dated high-quality palaeomagnetic pole for Early Neoproterozoic Baltica. New U-Pb geochronological data for several palaeomagnetically studied mafic intrusions yield three additional well-dated palaeopoles and one virtual geomagnetic pole. This set of dated poles suggests minimal drift of Baltica in moderate latitudes between ∼965 and 915 Ma. They also support the hypothesis of a post-900 Ma regional remagnetization event in SW Sweden and SW Norway. The positions of three distinct clusters of ∼1100 to 850 Ma palaeopoles suggest a clockwise time progression of the Baltica apparent polar wander path (the Sveconorwegian Loop) during this time interval. New well-dated palaeomagnetic poles for ∼970 to 900 Ma from Laurentia are required to verify the palaeogeographic reconstructions of Baltica and Laurentia.     

Petrology and mineralogy of granulite-facies mafic xenoliths (Sardinia, Italy): Evidence for KCl metasomatism in the lower crust

Here new mineralogical data is presented on the occurrence of K-feldspar in granulite-facies metagabbronorite xenoliths found in recent alkaline lavas from Western Sardinia, Italy. The xenoliths originated from the underplating of variably evolved subduction-related basaltic liquids, which underwent cooling and recrystallisation in the deep crust (T = 850–900 °C, P = 0.8–1.0 GPa). They consist of orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase porphyroclasts (An = 50–66 mol%) in a granoblastic, recrystallised, quartz-free matrix composed of pyroxene + plagioclase (An = 56–72 mol%) + Fe–Ti oxides ± K-feldspar ± biotite ± fluorapatite ± Ti-biotite. Texturally, the K-feldspar occurs in a variety of different modes. These include: (1) rods, blebs, and irregular patches in a random scattering of plagioclase grains in the form of antiperthite; (2) micro-veins along plagioclase–plagioclase and plagioclase–pyroxene grain rims; (3) myrmekite-like intergrowths with Ca-rich plagioclase along plagioclase–plagioclase grain boundaries; and (4) discrete anhedral grains (sometimes microperthitic). The composition of each type of K-feldspar is characterized by relatively high albite contents (16–33 mol%). An increasing anorthite content in the plagioclase towards the contact with the K-feldspar micro-vein and myrmekite-like intergrowths into the K-feldspar along the plagioclase–K-feldspar grain boundary are also observed. Small amounts of biotite (TiO₂ = 4.7–6.5 wt.%; F = 0.24–1.19 wt.%; Cl = 0.04–0.20 wt.%) in textural equilibrium with the granulite-facies assemblage is present in both K-feldspar-bearing and K-feldspar-free xenoliths. These K-feldspar textures suggest a likely metasomatic origin due to solid-state infiltration of KCl-rich fluids/melts. The presence of such fluids is supported by the fluorapatite in these xenoliths, which is enriched in Cl (Cl = 6–50% of the total F + Cl + OH). These lines of evidence suggest that formation of K-feldspar in the mafic xenoliths reflects metasomatic processes, requiring an external K-rich fluid source, which operated in the lower crust during and after in-situ high-T recrystallisation of relatively dry rocks.     

金川铜、镍(含PGE)岩浆硫化物矿床母岩浆成分的估计

利用金川侵入体的岩石化学和铂族元素资料,根据Ｒｏｅｄｅｒ和Ｅｍｓｌｉｅ的橄榄石液相平衡原理,估计金川超镁铁质岩的母岩浆为大约含１０８％ＭｇＯ的高镁玄武岩浆;将其与不同构造背景下形成的玄武岩岩石化学成分进行对比,认为金川侵入体的母岩浆的化学成分与巴西北部Ｍａｒａｎｈａｏ低Ｔｉ玄武岩浆的化学成分相似,代表了一种大陆裂谷背景下火山活动的产物。