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971.
利用激光雷达、太阳光度计、系留气艇低空探测数据及MODIS卫星数据等多源资料,对2007年2月初发生在我国中东部地区的一次大范围霾污染事件进行了综合分析,重点分析了华北香河站垂直向气溶胶光学特性的变化特征,并初步讨论了气溶胶区域输送。分析结果表明:霾污染中心位于大城市、城市群或者盆地等污染物源排放强度大或者地形不利于污染物扩散的地区,形成了6个污染中心;2日霾最严重时,近地面气溶胶消光系数(355nm)达到1.8 km~(-1),是霾发生前的3倍;霾最严重时气溶胶光学厚度(340 nm)为1.4,较前后日的高;随着边界层高度的下降,底层气溶胶快速积累;香河站气溶胶在垂直向存在明显的分层现象,上层600—1000 m高度气溶胶受区域输送的影响,其光学厚度占整层气溶胶的比值能达到43.6%,甚至更高;本次霾过程以细粒子为主;弱高压系统、低至100 m左右的逆温层高度及低风速等气象条件对此次霾的形成起到了重要的作用;而3日出现的大风则很可能是驱散霾的重要因子。 相似文献
972.
973.
Reliable estimates of soil thermal properties such as heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and diffusivity are important in analysis of heat transmission through soils in applications such as shallow geothermal applications, buried electrical conduits, and in general heat/fluid flow analyses. A number of analytical, numerical and experimental methods are available to determine the soil thermal properties. In this paper, the analytical and numerical methods developed on the basis of one-dimensional heat conduction equation are used to estimate the apparent thermal diffusivity of soil. Three of the four analytical methods, Amplitude, Phase, and Arctangent provide explicit equations for the apparent thermal diffusivity. Two methods, Harmonic and Numerical, make use of large number of temperature measurements to implicitly solve for the apparent thermal diffusivity. The temperature time series data monitored at different depths in two field sites in Melbourne, Australia for more than 2 year period were used to estimate the apparent thermal diffusivity of soil down to 2 m depth. The apparent thermal diffusivity was calculated using all five methods and compared with laboratory experimental results. The effectiveness of each method in predicting the thermal diffusivity was compared and observed discrepancies were discussed. Finally, the observed soil temperature data for a 12 month period are used to model the temperature variation in the ground analytically using Harmonic method and the model prediction for the following 12 month was compared independently with the field measurements. The analytical model prediction is found to be in good agreement with the field monitored data. 相似文献
974.
超微粉碎在孔石莼多糖提取中的应用 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
研究超微粉碎技术在孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)多糖提取中的可行性。分别用超微粉碎后提取和常规提取两种方法提取孔石莼多糖,在不同条件下比较其提取率和所得产品的质量。结果表明,超微粉碎后的孔石莼在125℃提取4h收率达到17.39%,与常规方法比较其收率提高28.8%,主要化学组分及其含量没有差异,红外图谱也表明,两种方法所得的孔石莼多糖其主要官能团没有差异,说明超微粉碎技术在孔石莼多糖提取过程中的应用是可行的,它除了保持孔石莼多糖的品质外,可在较易控制的条件下提高其提取率。 相似文献
975.
976.
The serious soil erosion caused the fragile eco-environment in the Loess Plateau. In modern soil erosion of the Loess Plateau, the man-made accelerated erosion was the dominant erosion pattern (Tang etal., 1993a; 1993b). There are many kinds of human activities to accelerate erosion, of which the most influential activities are to destroy forest and grass, even to destroy vegetation. Reclamation at the expense of destruction of forestland and grassland artificially could increase soil erosio… 相似文献
977.
采用类岩石材料研究了不同加载条件下的张拉裂纹的破裂过程,并利用声发射(AE)测试技术分析了劈拉试样和三点弯曲试样在断裂过程中裂纹的萌生、起裂、扩展和破裂全过程的声发射特征。试验结果表明,声发射的阶段性突发特征反映了张拉裂纹阶段性扩展的力学机制。但是,在不同的加载条件下,张拉破裂的声发射特征有所差异:在弯拉应力作用下,试样拉破裂的声发射特征表现可分为声发射数的渐进增长、快速增长、突发式增长和逐渐下降4个阶段;而在劈拉应力作用下,试样破裂的声发射特征可分为声发射数缓慢增长、声发射数突发和声发射数的稳定发展3个阶段。在弯拉应力作用下,裂纹的萌生和聚集阶段的声发射特征明显,但在劈拉应力作用下几乎观察不到其声发射特征变化。不同破裂模式下的声发射特征值得进一步研究。 相似文献
978.
细粒含量对尾矿材料液化特性的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为了模拟沉积分选后颗粒组成的变化对尾矿材料的动力特性的影响,尾矿筛分后按不同的细粒(颗粒直径小于 0.074 mm)含量制备尾矿试样,并进行了大量的土动力学试验。分析了细颗粒含量对尾矿材料的动力液化特性的影响规律。研究表明,对于铜矿类尾矿坝的尾矿材料,当细颗粒含量占到总量的35 %时其抗液化性能最佳。根据尾矿材料动力特性试验的研究结果,并结合现场的标准贯入试验成果,提出了适用于尾矿材料的细粒含量对标准贯入击数的修正式。该式可以分析不同细粒含量的尾矿材料的抗液化强度,提高尾矿坝液化判别方法的判别准确程度。 相似文献
979.
Estimating field‐saturated soil hydraulic conductivity by a simplified Beerkan infiltration experiment 下载免费PDF全文
Field‐saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, Kfs, is highly variable. Therefore, interpreting and simulating hydrological processes, such as rainfall excess generation, need a large number of Kfs data even at the plot scale. Simple and reasonably rapid experiments should be carried out in the field. In this investigation, a simple infiltration experiment with a ring inserted shortly into the soil and the estimation of the so‐called α* parameter allowed to obtain an approximate measurement of Kfs. The theoretical approach was tested with reference to 149 sampling points established on Burundian soils. The estimated Kfs with the value of first approximation of α* for most agricultural field soils (α* = 0.012 mm?1) differed by a practically negligible maximum factor of two from the saturated conductivity obtained by the complete Beerkan Estimation of Soil Transfer parameters (BEST) procedure for soil hydraulic characterization. The measured infiltration curve contained the necessary information to obtain a site‐specific prediction of α*. The empirically derived α* relationship gave similar results for Kfs (mean = 0.085 mm s?1; coefficient of variation (CV) = 71%) to those obtained with BEST (mean = 0.086 mm s?1; CV = 67%), and it was also successfully tested with reference to a few Sicilian sampling points, since it yielded a mean and a CV of Kfs (0.0094 mm s?1 and 102%, respectively) close to the values obtained with BEST (mean = 0.0092 mm s?1; CV = 113%). The developed method appears attractive due to the extreme simplicity of the experiment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
980.
Estimation of soil hydraulic properties and their uncertainty through the Beerkan infiltration experiment 下载免费PDF全文
The Beerkan method based on in situ single‐ring water infiltration experiments along with the relevant specific Beerkan estimation of soil transfer parameters (BEST) algorithm is attractive for simple soil hydraulic characterization. However, the BEST algorithm may lead to erroneous or null values for the saturated hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity especially when there are only few infiltration data points under the transient flow state, either for sandy soil or soils in wet conditions. This study developed an alternative algorithm for analysis of the Beerkan infiltration experiment referred to as BEST‐generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE). The proposed method estimates the scale parameters of van Genuchten water retention and Brooks–Corey hydraulic conductivity functions through the GLUE methodology. The GLUE method is a Bayesian Monte Carlo parameter estimation technique that makes use of a likelihood function to measure the goodness‐of‐fit between modelled and observed data. The results showed that using a combination of three different likelihood measurements based on observed transient flow, steady‐state flow and experimental steady‐state infiltration rate made the BEST‐GLUE procedure capable of performing an efficient inverse analysis of Beerkan infiltration experiments. Therefore, it is more applicable for a wider range of soils with contrasting texture, structure, and initial and saturated water content. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献