A macro‐element model for non‐linear soil–shallow foundation–structure interaction under seismic loads: theoretical development and experimental validation on large scale tests

In this paper, different formulations of a macro‐element model for non‐linear dynamic soil‐structure interaction analyses of structures lying on shallow foundations are first reviewed, and secondly, a novel formulation is introduced, which combines some of the characteristics of previous approaches with several additional features. This macro‐element allows one to model soil‐footing geometric (uplift) and material (soil plasticity) non‐linearities that are coupled through a stiffness degradation model. Footing uplift is introduced by a simple non‐linear elastic model based on the concept of effective foundation width, whereas soil plasticity is treated by means of a bounding surface approach in which a vertical load mapping rule is implemented. This mapping is particularly suited for the seismic loading case for which the proposed model has been conceived. The new macro‐element is subsequently validated using cyclic and dynamic large‐scale laboratory tests of shallow foundations on dense sand, namely: the TRISEE cyclic tests, the Public Works Research Institute and CAMUS IV shaking table tests. Based on this comprehensive validation process against a set of independent experimental results, a unique set of macro‐element parameters for shallow foundations on dense sand is proposed, which can be used to perform predictive analyses by means of the present model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高速公路透风型挡风墙不同位置防风特性的数值模拟研究

应用FLUENT软件对侧风影响下高速公路汽车运行时的气动特性进行了三维稳态数值模拟,研究了透风型挡风墙在不同位置时汽车气动侧向力系数、升力系数及倾覆力矩系数随横摆角变化的特征,并与不设挡风墙的流场特征进行了对比。结果表明,修筑透风型挡风墙能够有效地减弱侧风对小轿车的作用力;同一侧风状态下,透风型挡风墙的不同修筑位置对应不同的汽车的气动侧向力系数、升力系数及倾覆力矩系数。汽车运行速度为120 km·h-1,横摆角为31.0°或36.9°时（侧风风速为20 m·s-1和25 m·s-1）,透风型挡风墙最佳的修筑位置为距离路肩2.1 m,此时的倾覆力矩系数最小;当横摆角为42.0°或46.4°时（侧风风速为30 m·s-1和35 m·s-1）,透风型挡风墙的最佳修筑位置为距离路肩2.4 m。     

热处理对沙漠边缘土壤腐殖酸荧光性质及其与Cu(Ⅱ)络合作用的影响

通过荧光光谱法研究了80 ℃处理下沙漠边缘土壤腐殖酸荧光性质及其与Cu(Ⅱ) 络合行为的变化。热处理导致类富里酸的发射波长发生蓝移,类富里酸和类腐殖酸的荧光强度降低,它们与Cu(Ⅱ)络合的条件稳定常数（lg Ka）降低,结合常数（lg Kb）增加,腐殖酸中参与Cu(Ⅱ) 络合的荧光基团和位点数增多。研究表明,干旱区高温环境会导致腐殖酸结构及组成发生变化,从而影响Cu(Ⅱ) 在土壤中的迁移。     

Extreme sensitivity of crosshole electrical resistivity tomography measurements to geometric errors

The effects of geometric errors on crosshole resistivity data are investigated using analytical methods. Geometric errors are systematic and can occur due to uncertainties in the individual electrode positions, the vertical spacing between electrodes in the same borehole, or the vertical offset between electrodes in opposite boreholes. An estimate of the sensitivity to geometric error is calculated for each of two generic types of four-electrode crosshole configuration: current flow and potential difference crosshole (XH) and in-hole (IH). It is found that XH configurations are not particularly sensitive to geometric error unless the boreholes are closely spaced on the scale of the vertical separation of the current and potential electrodes. However, extremely sensitive IH configurations are shown to exist for any borehole separation. Therefore, it is recommended that XH configurations be used in preference to IH schemes. The effects of geometric error are demonstrated using real XH data from a closely spaced line of boreholes designed to monitor bioremediation of chlorinated solvents at an industrial site. A small fraction of the data had physically unrealistic apparent resistivities, which were either negative or unexpectedly large. However by filtering out configurations with high sensitivities to geometric error, all of the suspect data were removed. This filtering also significantly improved the convergence between the predicted and the measured resistivities when the data were inverted. In addition to systematic geometric errors, the measured data also exhibit a high level of random noise. Despite this, the resulting inverted images correspond reasonably closely with the known geology and nearby cone penetrometer resistivity profiles.     

Soil slip/debris flow localized by site attributes and wind-driven rain in the San Francisco Bay region storm of January 1982

GIS analysis at 30-m resolution reveals that effectiveness of slope-destabilizing processes in the San Francisco Bay area varies with compass direction. Nearly half the soil slip/debris flows mapped after the catastrophic rainstorm of 3–5 January 1982 occurred on slopes that face S to WSW, whereas fewer than one-quarter have a northerly aspect. Azimuthal analysis of hillside properties for susceptible terrain near the city of Oakland suggests that the skewed aspect of these landslides primarily reflects vegetation type, ridge and valley alignment, and storm–wind direction. Bedrock geology, soil expansivity, and terrain height and gradient also were influential but less so; the role of surface curvature is not wholly resolved. Normalising soil-slip aspect by that of the region's NNW-striking topography shifts the modal azimuth of soil-slip aspect from SW to SE, the direction of origin of winds during the 1982 storm—but opposite that of the prevailing WNW winds. Wind from a constant direction increases rainfall on windward slopes while diminishing it on leeward slopes, generating a modelled difference in hydrologically effective rainfall of up to 2:1 on steep hillsides in the Oakland area. This contrast is consistent with numerical simulations of wind-driven rain and with rainfall thresholds for debris-flow activity. We conclude that storm winds from the SE in January 1982 raised the vulnerability of the Bay region's many S-facing hillsides, most of which are covered in shallow-rooted shrub and grass that offer minimal resistance to soil slip. Wind-driven rainfall also appears to have controlled debris-flow location in a major 1998 storm and probably others. Incorporating this overlooked influence into GIS models of debris-flow likelihood would improve predictions of the hazard in central California and elsewhere.     

铁磁形状记忆合金研究进展与展望（Ⅰ）：材料、力学特性

综述了铁磁形状记忆合金（Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy,简写为FSMA）在材料研制和热磁力学特性方面的研究现状,对其存在的问题进行了分析并指出其发展方向。在材料研发方面,介绍了新型合金、Ni-Mn-Ga-X系列合金、复合材料和Ni_2MnGa系列合金;在热磁力学特性方面,介绍了形状记忆效应、应力一应变特性和磁致形状记忆效应,总结了当前研究的现状和不足。通过对FSMA材料本身特性和应用需求的综合分析,指出适于应用的新型FSMA在加工和连接性能以及复杂加载下的材料热磁力学性能等方面还需要进一步研究。     

东营凹陷永8断块断层调节带及其对油气分布的控制作用

利用高精度的三维地震资料,结合油田地质资料对永8 块断层几何学、运动学和动力学进行了研究。结果表明,该 断块为一典型东西向展布的同向叠覆型断层调节带,西侧主断层（辛120 断层）与调节断层在剖面上呈阶梯状组合样式, 东侧主断层（永105 断层）与调节断层呈地垒状组合;辛120 断层活动性减弱时,其位移量传递给永105 断层和调节断层; 力学分析认为该断层调节带是在左旋张扭构造应力场作用下形成的。通过对永8 块油气分布、油气来源以及断裂活动性与 封闭性研究,建立了永8 断层调节带油气成藏模式：主成藏期东侧主断层作为油源断层沟通了烃源灶和储集层并输导油气; 调节断层停止活动时间早形成断块圈闭,成为遮挡断层。永8 块西侧是有利滚动勘探开发区。