近48年浙江省不同等级降水变化特征分析

利用浙江省62站1971-2018年逐日降水资料,从不同等级降水日数、强度等对不同等级降水变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明：浙江省不同等级降水日数主要存现由北向南递增的分布;浙江总降水日数先减少,2009年后有所增加,而降水强度为显著的增加,而小雨日数以减少趋势为主,暴雨日数1986年之后呈显著增加趋势,不同等级降水强度均呈现增加趋势;其中对年降水量贡献最大的是中雨,但小雨和中雨的占比均明显减少,暴雨占比增加较快。     

生命周期视角下建成环境对居民迁居强度的影响——基于武汉市多源数据分析

随着中国城镇住房制度改革的推行,城市内迁居行为日趋频繁。洞悉不同年龄段居民迁居内在驱动力,能为城市居住环境规划与建设改善提供依据。论文利用2019年与2021年武汉市手机信令等多源数据,以生命周期理论为研究视角,识别武汉市四环内不同年龄段居民交通小区迁居强度,并提出建成环境因子特性与迁居强度关系模型,探讨居民生活圈内各建成环境因子对多年龄段居民迁居影响的特性差异。研究发现：(1)不同年龄居民的迁入与迁出强度在不同城市区位上存在分异,19～39岁居民相较于40岁以上居民迁居更频繁;总体呈现内环线的交通小区迁入与迁出强度表征偏高,且均大于外环线的交通小区。(2)公共服务设施、交通便利度和居住环境维度内相关指标是影响居民迁居决策的重要因素,由于不同年龄段居民居住需求不同,部分变量因子在不同年龄段下特性分异明显。考虑到各年龄段居民迁居强度及因子特性不一,相关规划决策需采取差异化的建成环境改善措施,科学引导不同年龄居民迁居,优化城市人口分布。     

Can Adaptive Observations Improve Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts?简

In order to investigate whether adaptive observations can improve tropical cyclone （TC） intensity forecasts,observing system simulation experiments （OSSEs） were conducted for 20 TC cases originating in the western North Pacific during the 2010 season according to the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation （CNOP） sensitivity,using the fifth version of the PSU/NCAR mesoscale model （MM5） and its 3DVAR assimilation system.A new intensity index was defined as the sum of the number of grid points within an allocated square centered at the corresponding forecast TC central position,that satisfy constraints associated with the Sea Level Pressure （SLP）,near-surface horizontal wind speed,and accumulated convective precipitation.The higher the index value is,the more intense the TC is.The impacts of the CNOP sensitivity on the intensity forecast were then estimated.The OSSE results showed that for 15 of the 20 cases there were improvements,with reductions of forecast errors in the range of 0.12％-8.59％,which were much less than in track forecasts.The indication,therefore,is that the CNOP sensitivity has a generally positive effect on TC intensity forecasts,but only to a certain degree.We conclude that factors such as the use of a coupled model,or better initialization of the TC vortex,are more important for an accurate TC intensity forecast.     

Simulation of Typhoon Muifa using a mesoscale coupled atmosphere–ocean model

A mesoscale coupled atmosphere–ocean model has been developed based on the GRAPES(Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System) regional typhoon model(GRAPES_TYM) and ECOM-si(estuary, coast and ocean model(semi-implicit)). Coupling between the typhoon and ocean models was conducted by exchanging wind stress, heat, moisture fluxes, and sea surface temperatures(SSTs) using the coupler OASIS3.0. Numerical prediction experiments were run with and without coupling for the case of Typhoon Muifa in the western North Pacific. To investigate the impact of using more accurate SST information on the simulation of the track and the intensity of Typhoon Muifa, experiments were also conducted using increased SST resolution in the initial condition field of the control test. The results indicate that increasing SST resolution in the initial condition field somewhat improved the intensity forecast, and use of the coupled model improved the intensity forecast significantly, with mean absolute errors in maximum wind speed within 48 and 72 h reduced by 32% and 20%, respectively. Use of the coupled model also resulted in less pronounced over-prediction of the intensity of Typhoon Muifa by the GRAPES_TYM. Moreover, the effects of using the coupled model on the intensity varied throughout the different stages of the development of Muifa owing to changes in the oceanic mixed layer depth. The coupled model had pronounced effects during the later stage of Muifa but had no obvious effects during the earlier stage. The SSTs predicted by the coupled model decreased by about 5–6°C at most after the typhoon passed, in agreement with satellite data. Furthermore, based on analysis on the sea surface heat flux, wet static energy of the boundary layer, atmospheric temperature, and precipitation forecasted by the coupled model and the control test, the simulation results of this coupled atmosphere–ocean model can be considered to reasonably reflect the primary mechanisms underlying the interactions between tropical cyclones and oceans.     

基于流强度的中国城市对外服务能力时空演变特征

综合运用城市流强度模型、改良Theil系数和K-means时空聚类法对2004~2010年中国地级以上286个城市对外服务能力的时空演变特征进行探讨,得到以下结论:1城市流强度值的绝对量均有明显上升,但存在显著的区域非均衡现象,并与城市经济实力有较高的相关性。2省内差异对城市对外服务能力的差异贡献率在58%~72%,是其空间尺度差异的主要来源。3时空演变表现出明显的阶段性和等级性规律,且空间等级性特征随阶段演进更趋明显。4对外服务能力的强弱和集聚强化趋势与城市流强度基数值大小和增速快慢有着紧密关系,一定程度上体现了基础乘数效应和循环累积效应配置下的非均衡特征。     

河南省耕地集约利用时空分异及分区研究

通过构建耕地集约利用评价模型,采用Kernel密度曲线等深入分析1990年、2000年和2010年河南省126个县域的耕地集约利用程度及其时空规律,并采用双重自组织模型进行耕地集约利用分区。结果表明:1县域耕地集约利用度的Kernel密度曲线呈现典型的单峰分布模式,分布曲线由"尖峰形"向"宽峰形"发展并整体向右移动,表明河南省耕地集约利用整体水平上升,县域差异扩大。2耕地集约利用水平空间差异显著,"北高南低"、"东高西低"、"平原区高,山地丘陵区低"的特征明显;大多数县域耕地集约利用度随时间变化稳步提高,但提高水平差异较大;耕地投入强度和耕地产出效率的提升幅度较大,耕地利用强度和可持续性状况提升较慢。3采用双重自组织模型将126个县域划分为东部黄淮平原区、北部平原区、东南丘陵平原区、中南平原区、西部山地丘陵区等5个耕地集约利用区,并提出了相应的发展策略。     

西安咸阳一体化进程中城市扩张及驱动力研究

本文以RS和GIS技术为支撑,以西咸一体化进程为研究对象,基于多时相TM/ETM+及相关统计数据,采用监督分类和归一化裸露指数(NDBI)等方法提取西安、咸阳两市的城市空间特征信息,结合地学统计方法,定量研究了城市扩张强度、紧凑度等指标,并探讨了影响西咸一体化进程的因子.得出:西咸一体化政策的出台是主导西咸两市对向不断...     

Variation of the monsoon trough intensity in the South China Sea and western North Pacific ocean and its relationship to tropical cyclone activities

Using the daily average of the NCEP/DOE AMIP-II reanalysis data from 1979 to 2005 and the characteristics of monsoon troughs in the western North Pacific,we established an intensity index and a location index to describe the activity of the monsoon troughs in three different regions and their impacts on tropical cyclones generated therein(MTTCs).The behavior of the monsoon troughs was analyzed.The following conclusions are obtained:(1)The established monsoon trough intensity index has a positive correlation to the location index,indicating that stronger monsoon trough intensity corresponds to more northward location.(2)Monsoon trough intensity exhibits significant interannual variation,with obvious periods of 4–5 years prior to 1994 and 2–3 years afterwards.(3)The affecting factors on monsoon trough intensity are different with areas.The preceding SST anomaly results in anomalous atmospheric circulation, leading to the anomaly of monsoon trough intensity in different areas.(4)The frequency of cyclogenesis and location anomalies of the MTTC are closely related to the intensity and location of the monsoon trough. Most of the anomalously less MTTC years coincide with the years with a weak general monsoon trough and weak regional monsoon troughs.The anomalously more MTTC years are associated with both a strong general monsoon trough and a weak general monsoon trough combined with a strong one over the South China Sea,though with a larger probability for the latter.(5)The interseasonal variation of the intensity of monsoon troughs provides favorable conditions for TC generation and development.The monsoon trough is in the active periods of both quasi-biweekly 10 to 20 day and 30 to 60 day oscillations,which is favorable for MTTC occurrence.     

基于CMORPH资料的长三角城市化 对降水分布特征影响的观测研究

利用CMORPH卫星降水资料和NCEP风场资料,综合分析了长江三角洲地区南京、杭州、上海、苏州等主要城市的降水分布特征,结果表明：长三角城市效应主要表现在对夏半年降水强度空间分布的影响,具体表现为在700 hPa平均引导气流控制下,城市中心和下风向地区的夏半年降水强度比上风向地区增加5%~15%,最大值通常位于城市中心下游20～70 km。冬半年主要城市周围的降水量、降水时间和降水强度的空间变化都比较小,城市效应对降水分布特征没有明显的影响。长三角城市因地理位置的差异,不同城市降水的下游效应存在差别。夏半年南京、杭州、无锡、苏州、常州等城市的下风向地区比上风向地区降水强度明显增加,城市效应显著。上海和宁波受到海洋影响明显,夏半年低层海风侵入范围较广,夏季降水强度的高值中心偏向海风的下游方位,可能是受到海风环流和城市热岛环流的共同影响。距离上风城市较近的镇江等城市,降水强度的分布受到上风城市降水强度下游效应的影响。     

Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Guidance Evaluations Using an Alternative Verification Technique

In this study, six intensity forecast guidance techniques from the East China Regional Meteorological Center are verified for the 2008 and 2009 typhoon seasons through an alternative forecast verification technique. This technique is used to verify intensity forecasts if those forecasts call for a typhoon to dissipate or if the real typhoon dissipates. Using a contingency table, skill scores, chance, and probabilities are computed. It is shown that the skill of the six tropical cyclone intensity guidance techniques was highest for the 12-h forecasts, while the lowest skill of all the six models did not occur in 72-h forecasting. For both the 2008 and 2009 seasons, the average probabilities of the forecast intensity having a small error (6 m s-1) tended to decrease steadily. Some of the intensity forecasts had small skill scores, but the associated probabilities of the forecast intensity errors > 15 m s-1 were not the highest.