Zinc extraction from Iranian low-grade complex zinc–lead ore by two native microorganisms: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Sulfobacillus

A mesophilic iron oxidizing bacterium, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, has been isolated (33 °C) from a typical, chalcopyrite concentrate of the Sarcheshmeh copper mine in the region of Kerman located in the south of Iran. In addition, a thermophilic iron oxidizing bacterium, Sulfobacillus, has been isolated (60 °C) from the sphalerite concentrate of Kooshk lead and zinc mine near the city of Yazd in the center point of Iran. Variation of pH, ferrous and ferric concentration on time and effects of some factors such as temperature, cell growth, initial ferrous concentration and pH on bioleaching of low-grade complex zinc–lead ore were investigated. The results obtained from bioleaching experiments indicate that the efficiency of zinc extraction is dependent on all of the mentioned variables; especially the temperature and initial Fe(II) concentration have more effect than other factors for these microorganisms. In addition, results show that the maximum zinc recovery was achieved using a thermophilic culture. Zinc dissolution reached 58% with Sulfobacillus while it was 51% with A. ferrooxidans at pH = 1.5, initial Fe(II) concentration = 7 and 9 g/L for A. ferrooxidans and Sulfobacillus, respectively, after 30 days.     

老挝巴根矿区钾盐矿层特征及其勘探意义

老挝万象市巴根矿区位于万象平原东部呵叻盆地,是世界重要的钾盐矿分布区,钾盐资源丰富。通过对呵叻盆地的钾盐矿勘查工作,确定呵叻盆地钾盐矿矿石类型为中层钾石盐矿和下层光卤石矿两种,光卤石矿为主矿体;钾石盐矿为次矿体。本区钾盐矿分布范围较大、连续性较好、呈似层状,光卤石矿单工程KCl品位8.98%~22.91%(平均为18.90%),钾石盐矿单工程KCl品位22.36%~43.15%(平均品位31.29%)。经对本区钾盐矿层KCl资源量概略估算,属于大型矿床,可满足当前中小规模开采。下一步可对P3、P5、P7勘探线加密及外围布置勘探工作,重点对中层钾石盐矿矿层特征加以探明,寻求高级别资源储量,满足矿山生产需求。     

成岩-极低级变质-低级变质作用及有关矿产

介于成岩作用与低级变质作用之间的极低级变质作用是一个重要过程 ,对于全面认识地球浅层动力学与成矿作用有重要意义。文中简要地回顾了国内外极低级变质研究的历史与现状 ,在大量资料的基础上提出了关于成岩—极低级变质—低级变质带划分的改进方案 ,应用许多研究实例讨论了成岩—极低级变质—低级变质作用研究在化石能源及固体矿产勘查、评价与成矿研究方面的意义 ,指出煤、石油、天然气形成于高级成岩—极低级变质条件 ,很多非金属矿产的成因及质量直接受到变质程度的控制 ,大量低温—低中温铜、铅、锌、金、银、锑、汞等金属矿床分布在高级成岩—极低级变质—低级变质区中。为了获得准确的伊利石K Ar同位素测年数据 ,文中建议应保证所测粘土样品中自生K型伊利石的含量 >90 % ,并且不含钾长石 ,还要根据变质程度的高低来确定分析样品的合适粒度。     

川北阿坝地区三叠系粘土矿物特征及地质意义

分析了川北阿坝地区三叠系泥质岩的岩石矿物组合、粘土矿物类型、伊利石结晶度和镜质体反射率特征,并以此划分成岩演化阶段及变质程度。以成岩作用—极低级变质作用的研究方法,明确了阿坝地区成岩作用及极低级变质作用的上、下界限及区域分布规律:以唐克为中心的地区处于成岩作用晚期阶段,成岩作用温度200～212℃,伊利石结晶度IC≥0.42;周围地区处于极低级变质作用阶段,成岩作用温度212～222℃,伊利石结晶度IC<0.42。镜质体反射率(Ro)也具有同样的演化规律。对该地区域上成岩演化的差异及原因作如下解释:由于构造活动的远近程效应存在差异,该地区的周缘明显受到构造作用的影响,因叠加动力变质而达到极低级变质作用阶段;唐克位于阿坝地块中心,受构造作用的影响相对较小,因而处于成岩作用晚期阶段。     

Crystallinity and metamorphism of illite from Triassic strata in Henan County of Qinghai Province

In order to verify the Triassic stratum metamorphism in this area, the crystallinity of illite in mudstone (shale) of Triassic stratum was analyzed and tested during the 1:50 000 regional mineral geological survey (I47E007023, I47E008023, I47E009023,1I47E009024)in Tuoyema area of Henan Mongolian Autonomous County in Qinghai Province. According to the experimental results of 30 samples, the crystallinity index of Triassic mudstone (shale) illite Kübler in Zongwulong-Zeku stratigraphic division in the north is 0.312-0.537, and the cell parameter b₀ is 0.898-0.903 2 nm. The metamorphic temperature is less than 350 ℃, with the grape-chlorite and zeolite facies. The crystallinity index of Triassic mudstone (shale) illite Kübler in the western inclined mountain stratigraphic division in the south is 0.21-0.318, and the b₀ value is 0.898 1-0.901 4 nm. The metamorphic temperature is mainly between 200 and 350 ℃, with the local temperature above 350 ℃ and grape-chlorite and greenschist facies. It is considered that the regional metamorphism grade in this area is very low or has no regional metamorphism. The metamorphism degree of the western dipping mountain stratum in the south is slightly higher than that of Zongwulong-Zeku stratum in the north. The measured metamorphic facies belts are not consistent with the previous thought, that is "regional low temperature dynamic metamorphism and low greenschist facies metamorphic belts", and the degree of metamorphism is relatively lower. It is confirmed that there is no large area regional metamorphism in the Triassic strata of Henan County in Qinghai Province, but only very low-level regional metamorphism.     

老挝万象平原塔贡矿区钾石盐矿层特征及其勘探开发意义

老挝万象平原塔贡矿区钾盐矿产以光卤石为主,在矿区东部发育北西-南东走向的钾石盐矿层。钾石盐矿层分原生矿层和次生矿层二层矿:原生矿层分布于钾盐矿层的底部,矿层厚度变化大;次生矿层仅分布于中部ZKT10-6钾盐矿层顶部,矿层厚度大、品位高,分布面积小。由于受老挝当地能源与运输不足的制约,目前中国数家企业在万象平原进行小规模试验性开采,用光卤石生产氯化钾。经对塔贡矿区钾石盐矿层KCl资源量概略估算,可以满足当前中小规模开采。用钾石盐生产氯化钾不但工艺较简单,而且无须处理大量的氯化镁,环境污染小,可降低成本,提高企业利润。塔贡矿区钾石盐勘查围绕ZKT10-6孔以探明该区块次生钾石盐矿层;围绕LK22和LKTN2钻孔一带以查明原生矿层。     

内蒙古林西—乌兰浩特地区二叠系极低级变质作用与生烃潜力

极低级变质作用对年轻造山带构造演化和油气勘探有重要意义,近年来成为地质学家探讨的热点领域。文章以中国东北地区南缘石炭—二叠系为研究对象,探讨了其极低级变质作用的特征。通过对兴蒙造山带东段林西—乌兰浩特地区二叠纪地层的伊利石结晶度、b₀值和多型等参数进行测试分析发现,伊利石结晶度Kübler指数在0.175~0.47之间,大多数集中于0.25~0.35,平均值为0.30;样品b₀值主要在9.0155~9.0316 ?之间,平均值为9.0249 ?;伊利石多型主要为2M₁。以上结果表明研究区二叠系林西组和哲斯组主要经历了葡萄石-绿纤石相的极低级变质作用,变质温度200~370 ℃,压力为中压,同时表明其具有较高的生烃潜力。结合二叠系生烃期研究和区内广泛发育的白垩纪侵入体推测,二叠系极低级变质作用可能发生在早白垩世,且与岩体侵入导致的地温梯度升高有关。      

Synthesis of Fe-pumpellyite and its stability relations with epidote

Hydrothermal synthesis of Fe-pum-pellyites was conducted using high pressure cold-seal apparatus and solid oxygen buffering techniques at temperatures between 250°C and 550°C and 2.0–9.1 kbar P_fluid. Fe-pumpellyites were synthesized from partially crystalline gel mixtures of compositions: 4CaO - 2.1Al₂O₃_1.5FeO - 0.3MgO - 6SiO₂ (II) and 3CaO - 1.5 Al₂O₃ - 2.7FeO - 0.3MgO - 6SiO₂ (III) in the presence of excess H₂O at P_fluid of 5–9.1 Kbar, temperatures between 275°C and 325°C, and f_O2 defined by the QFM and HM buffers; for both of these compositions (II and III), the condensed synthetic run products included minor 7Å chlorite ± garnet ± Fe-oxide. The cell dimensions and aggregate refractive index (a= 19.13(2)Å, b= 5.940(4)Å, c= 8.847(5)Å, ±= 97.37(6)±, and n= 1.702(2)) of the pum-pellyite synthesized from the bulk composition II mix are compatible with those of natural pumpellyites containing similar total Fe contents. Attempts at synthesizing Fe-pumpellyites from a Mg-free bulk composition were not successful; these results are consistent with the total absence of natural Mg-free pumpellyites. The higher temperature, higher oxygen fugacity assemblages of the equivalent bulk compositions (II and III) consist of epidote ± minor amounts of chlorite, garnet, quartz, hematite, and magnetite. The results of these synthesis experiments accord with the mineral parageneses observed in low-grade metabasites which imply that Fe-pumpellyites are replaced by epidote with increasing temperature and/or f_O2 and that Fe³⁺ is preferentially partitioned into epidote with respect to coexisting pum-pellyite. In addition, these synthesis experiments indicate that Fe-bearing pumpellyites crystallize at and are stable to lower temperatures than more aluminous pumpellyites—a result also consistent with natural systems.     

新型捕收剂RA-92在低品位碳酸锰矿选矿中的应用

微细粒低品位锰矿由于颗粒间的非选择性聚集、浮选药剂用量大、浮选效率低等技术难题而致使其利用困难,造成大量浪费。在品位低于13%的锰矿浮选技术研究中,捕收剂最受关注,前人已研究了多种类型的捕收剂,所得精矿品位在16.9%~18.3%之间,回收率为56%~97%,回收率比较理想,但精矿品位总体不高。本文将新型捕收剂RA-92应用于湖南凤凰-花垣地区低品位碳酸锰矿(锰品位为10.7%)的选矿工艺中,实验研究了磨矿细度、pH值、抑制剂和捕收剂用量对浮选效果的影响,在最佳工艺条件下,精矿品位由原矿的10.7%提升至17.4%,回收率达到80.2%。研究表明RA-92对碳酸锰矿具有良好的捕收性能,浮选工艺相对简单且捕收剂用量少,浮选成本较低,可为此种捕获剂在微细粒低品位碳酸盐锰矿选矿中的应用得到推广。     

Petrology of Fe-Mg-carpholite-bearing metasediments from NE Oman

Abstract Fe-Mg carpholite occurs in metasediments of tectonically disrupted basement, shelf and foreland basin units that structurally underlie the Semail ophiolite in NE Oman. In the lower grade, structurally higher units, Fe-rich carpholite coexists with paragonite, quartz, illite, kaolinite and chlorite, whereas in deeper units, Fe-Mg carpholite occurs with pyrophyllite, sudoite, phengite and/or chloritoid. Mineral compositions in these units indicate that chlorite is more magnesian than coexisting Fe-Mg carpholite at low temperatures and pressures but, at higher metamorphic grades, X_Mg decreases in the order sudoite > carpholite > chlorite > chloritoid. This suggests a reversal in Fe-Mg partitioning between Fe-Mg carpholite and chlorite at temperatures below or close to those of the breakdown of kaolinite + quartz to pyrophyllite and at X_Mg= 0.35.
Phase relations and mineral equilibria indicate that the P-T conditions of formation of the Fe-Mg-carpholite-bearing rocks of NE Oman range from 280–315° C, 3–6 kbar for the structurally highest units to 325–440° C, 6–9.5 kbar for the deepest units, indicating a systematic down-section increase in metamorphic grade. Textural relations in these rocks, interpreted in the context of pertinent equilibria, are consistent with the clockwise P-T paths previously constrained for these units from petrological studies of interlayered isofacial mafic rocks.