唐山市钢铁工业发展特征及动力机制分析

唐山市钢铁工业自20世纪80年代以来一直为唐山市的支柱产业,90年代以来,省属特大型企业唐钢和地方钢铁企业都得到了迅速发展,在唐山市经济总量中占据着举足轻重的地位。本文详细分析唐山市钢铁产业的发展过程,探讨改革开放以来影响城市最具代表性产业的驱动因素。研究表明,基于本地化的区域产业基础和国家引导下的制度因素是唐山市钢铁工业迅速发展的主要驱动力,企业在动态的环境中适应和创新的能力则是内在因素。产品结构雷同、彼此利益独立使企业之间面临着激烈竞争,因此建议发挥政府的协调作用,引导地方企业调整工艺流程和产品结构,扶植相关产业,促进区域经济整体发展。     

Classification of densities and characteristics of curve of population centers in China by GIS

In this paper, with the spatial analysis functions in ArcGIS and the county-level census data of 2000 in China, the population density map was divided and shown by classes, meanwhile, the map system of population distribution and a curve of population centers were formed; in accordance with the geographical proximity principle, the classes of population densities were reclassified and a population density map was obtained which had the spatial clustering characteristic. The multi-layer superposition based on the population density classification shows that the population densities become denser from the Northwest to the Southeast; the multi-layer clustering phenomenon of the Chinese population distribution is obvious, the populations have a water-based characteristic gathering towards the rivers and coastlines. The curve of population centers shows the population densities transit from the high density region to the low one on the whole, while in low-density areas there are relatively dense areas, and in high-density areas there are relatively sparse areas. The reclassification research on the population density map based on the curve of population centers shows that the Chinese population densities can be divided into 9 classes, hereby, the geographical distribution of Chinese population can be divided into 9 type regions: the concentration core zone, high concentration zone, moderate concentration zone, low concentration zone, general transitional zone, relatively sparse area, absolute sparse area, extreme sparse area, and basic no-man's land. More than 3/4 of the population of China is concentrated in less than 1/5 of the land area, and more than half of the land area is inhabited by less than 2% of the population, the result reveals a better space law of China’s population distribution.     

海水入侵水化学指标及侵染程度评价研究

选择Ｃｌ＾,Ｍ、Ｂｒ＾－,ｒＨＣＯ３／ｒＣｌ及ＳＡＲ５项水化学要素作为综合判断海水入侵的指标：染程度划分为４级;确定了各项指标入程度的等级范围。入侵程度的衡理采用模糊数学综合判模型。     

城市生态安全水平的物元评判模型研究

作为人口高度集聚的人工生态系统,城市生态系统的安全性更加具有脆弱性。该文选取了若干公认的反映城市生态安全水平指标,建立了类型识别的物元评判模型。应用于我国十大城市,得出以下结论:处于"较安全"的城市有南京市、深圳市、大连市;处于"临界安全"的城市有上海市、广州市、南昌市、合肥市;处于"不安全"的城市有天津市、武汉市。评价结果基本与实地相符,说明建立的物元评判模型是可行的。     

Risk Assessment and Disaster Management for Natural and Anthropogenically Induced Geologic Hazards: Application to the Preolkhon Region,Western Lake Baikal,Siberia, Russia

In the Western Lake Baikal, recent Baikal Rift's tectonics control the topography, seismicity, climate, geomorphology, and economy. Scarps, facets, structural terraces, horsts and grabens, and trapezoid valleys can be clearly observed. They have been generated by the recent tectonic movements along the faults and represent a serious geologic hazard. The specific geological conditions predetermine a unique variety of landscapes. Thus, the main type of the economy is tourism. However, unorganized tourism leads to the degradation of the unique landscapes. It increases risk and requires disaster management. Three criteria has been used for risk assessment: (1) degree of geologic hazard; (2) degree of landscape degradation; and (3) degree of the economy's vitality. The high ecological significance and low stability to antropogeneous pressure are typical for landscapes of the Western Lake Baikal. Thus, some special activities of disaster management should be implemented based on our investigation.     

涡北河网区三维地震采集技术

涡北勘探区属于河网地带,难以进行正常的地震施工。为此,本文提出了一种以规则束状观测为基础和特殊观测系统相结合的数据采集方法。该方法适应了这种复杂的地表条件,获得了"空白区"的地震资料,为今后类似地表条件地区的三维地震勘探提供了经验。      

水环境承载力理论研究与展望

水环境承载力作为衡量水环境与社会经济协调发展程度的研究刚刚起步,目前尚未形成比较完善的理论体系。该文在总结现有研究成果的基础上,从理论上明确了水环境承载力的概念、本质、特征、研究内容及意义。基于力学的基本理论,建立了水环境承载力的表达式,进而提出纳污弹性力的概念,对进一步研究水环境与可持续发展的相关关系具有实际意义。     

用多角度遥感数据反演混合像元组分温度的可行性分析

利用多通道信息反演陆面温度的传统方法,由于通道间信息的高度相关使反演结果的精度难以提高,并且无法得到混合像元中的组分温度。文中以非同温混合像元热红外辐射方向性规律为基础,建立了连续植被类型非同温混合像元热红外辐射模型,用蒙特卡罗方法模拟分析了连续植被的组分有效比辐射率与变量的关系。结果表明:连续植被热辐射亮度值是组分温度T_v、T_s,叶面积指数LAI,叶倾角分布LAD,以及单叶面比辐射率ε_v(θ)和土壤表面比辐射率ε_v(θ)的函数。利用先验知识对变量进行分析后表明,6个变量中只有T_v、T_s、LAI、ε_v(0)需要反演。由于多角度间组分辐射亮度的相关性低,从理论上讲只需要4个角度的辐射亮度观测值就可以解出4个未知量而达到反演组分温度的目的。这4个角度数据除选择垂直方向上辐射亮度数据外,应在30°～50°视角范围内选择另外3个热辐射亮度数据。     

衡阳南岳区农村居民点用地合理布局分析

城镇化水平的快速推进和社会主义新农村建设的开展给建设用地供给和耕地保护形成了巨大的压力。农 村居民点用地普遍散乱、粗放的现象为挖掘现有建设用地潜力,少占耕地提供了可能。以衡阳南岳区为例,应用GIS 空间分析与景观指数分析等方法,在分析社会经济、自然地理和生产环境三方面的主要因素对南岳区农村居民点 用地布局的影响后,提出引导南岳区农村居民点合理布局的对策与建议。     

跨国公司地区总部职能与亚洲地区总部的区位研究

跨国公司建立地区总部制度是跨国公司应对经营“全球化”和“本地化”的要求而进行的一项组织变革。由于跨国公司地区总部承担着制定区域性经营战略和协调区域内众多子公司生产、销售、物流、研究与开发、资金筹供、人力资源培养等经营活动的职能，它的区位对东道国及其所在城市经济带来广泛影响。本文从跨国公司和地区总部职能特点入手，分析了该职能的区位因素，并探讨了跨国公司亚洲地区总部的区位特点，最后对中国大陆的国际商务职能建设提出了若干建议。