石英标准生长曲线在青藏高原东缘黄土光释光测年中的应用

石英标准生长曲线（SGC）法在黄土高分辨率光释光定年中有大幅节省测试时间的潜力,然而目前对该方法在不同时空尺度上的适用性尚存在争议。本文选取青藏高原东缘的典型黄土样品,通过系统地分析石英光释光生长曲线特征,检验SGC法和最小二乘法标准化生长曲线（LS-SGC）法在高原东缘黄土光释光定年中的适用性,结果显示：1）高原东缘黄土石英光释光信号以快组分为主,且同一地点不同样品、不同测片的生长曲线形态相似;2）当等效剂量（D_e）小于100 Gy时,不同地点样品石英生长曲线形态一致;大于100 Gy时生长曲线则具有不同的剂量响应特征;3）通过SGC法获得的D_e仅在0~100 Gy与实测值一致;LS-SGC法拟合的生长曲线结果更佳,并且LS-SGC法计算的D_e在100~200 Gy与实测D_e仍具有较好的一致性。研究结果有助于深入研究高原黄土光释光测年和风成沉积过程,同时也可为其他区域建立石英光释光标准生长曲线提供借鉴。

     

黄土沉积物原生组分磁化率与风力的物质分选

本研究选取我国西北地区典型荒漠表土和黄土-古土壤序列样品为研究对象,探讨黄土沉积物及其潜在物源区表土的原生磁性矿物浓度在不同粒级间的变化规律、黄土剖面中粒度与磁化率的关系,以验证中国黄土沉积物中磁性组分在搬运过程中是否存在分选作用及其变化规律。来自西北地区表土的地质证据表明,磁性组分主要集中于>63 μm和31~63 μm粒径组分,并以后者的含量最高;与之相对应,黄土沉积中原生磁性组分主要集中于31~63 μm粒径组分,但>63 μm粒径组分不再是主要载磁组分,其磁性显著低于31~63 μm粒径组分。同时,多个剖面的证据表明黄土沉积的原生磁化率与31~63 μm粒径组分的含量是同相位变化的,进一步支持沉积物中原生组分的磁化率受到风动力的分选作用影响。需要强调的是,沉积物原生磁化率的主要载磁粒径组分为31~63 μm的颗粒物,而并非最粗粒组分。本研究结果暗示,相较于沉积物的全样粒度,干旱半干旱地区风成沉积的磁化率在指示古风场强度方面具有潜力。

     

降雨诱发浅层黄土滑坡变形破坏机制

由降雨引发的浅层黄土滑坡灾害具有致灾性强、范围广、影响面积大等特点,是黄土高原地区危害严重的地质灾害类型。经典算法采用安全系数描述坡体稳定性,难以对坡体变形破坏的起始位置和实际失效面加以识别,限制了滑坡变形过程的描述和滑坡有效预测。以非饱和土吸应力理论为指导,基于Hydrus中的Slope Cube模块,建立黄土斜坡水-力耦合模型,结合黄土地区易滑坡形态统计数据,针对凸型、凹型、直线型3种坡型与30°、40°、50°三种坡度组合,计算了不同降雨条件下的坡体稳定性响应。结果表明,不同坡型的黄土斜坡对降雨条件具有明显的响应。相同降雨量、相同坡度条件下直线型坡发生浅表层破坏的可能性最低,凹型坡次之、凸型坡的稳定性最差。与之相对应的,相同条件下凸型坡失稳时间最短、凹型坡次之、直线型坡最长。本研究可为浅层滑坡的早期识别和预报提供支撑。     

Size and spatial distribution of loess slides on the Chinese Loess Plateau

ABSTRACT

The size and spatial distribution of loess slides are important for estimating the yield of eroded materials and determining the landslide risk. While previous studies have investigated landslide size distributions, the spatial distribution pattern of landslides at different spatial scales is poorly understood. The results indicate that the loess slide distribution exhibits a power-law scaling across a range of the size distribution. The mean landslide size and size distribution in the different geomorphic types are different. The double Pareto and inverse gamma functions can coincide well with the empirical probability distribution of the loess slide areas and can quantitatively reveal the rollover location, maximum probability, and scaling exponents. The frequency of loess slides increases with mean monthly precipitation. Moreover, point distance analysis showed that > 80% of landslides are located < 3 km from other loess slides. We found that the loess slides at the two study sites (Zhidan and Luochuan County) in northern Shaanxi Province, China show a significant clustered distribution. Furthermore, analysis results of the correlated fractal dimension show that the landslides exhibit a dispersed distribution at smaller spatial scales and a clustered distribution at larger spatial scales.     

New results concerning the pedo- and chronostratigraphy of the loess–palaeosol sequence Attenfeld (Bavaria,Germany) derived from a multi-methodological approach

Loess–palaeosol sequences (LPS) represent important records of palaeoenvironmental dynamics throughout the Quaternary. During the Pleistocene's dry and cold phases, the Danube's riverbed was one of the major sources for loess sediments that built up LPS in southern Germany and southeastern Europe. Surprisingly, studies addressing Bavarian LPS along the Danube River often lack actuality. The Attenfeld site was one of them and is often cited as a typical LPS. Nevertheless, the site's previous interpretations are based on a few empirical data and field observations. Considering the site's closeness to the sediment's source area, the Alps, and the region's importance in Middle and Upper Palaeolithic migrational movements, those former renditions needed an evaluation. Therefore, we applied a multi-proxy approach (including analyses of grain-size distribution, element composition, and sediment colour attributes) combined with optically stimulated luminescence. Based on our findings, we conclude that the Attenfeld site's former interpretations might be too generalised. We identified units that were not mentioned by previous studies (e.g. Early Glacial dark greyish horizon). Field observations, sediment characteristics, and age estimates indicate sediment deposition of the dated units partly before MIS 4, which contrasts with previous interpretations. The results further demonstrate how sensitive LPS are to environmental settings and dynamics.     

黄土山区煤层群分层开采地表位移规律分析

为了研究黄土山区地形对煤层群开采地表位移的影响,以榆林某矿为地质原型,利用数值软件模拟地表为近水平、正坡、负坡、凸面和凹面五种地形条件下煤层群开采。结果表明:黄土山区地形的变化,对煤层群开采顶板垂直应力影响不明显,对地表位移影响较大;单向坡开采,斜坡滑移引起的下沉量在坡顶与开采沉陷量形成“叠加”,在坡底形成“抵消”;在组合坡中,煤层群开采地表位移量相差很大,说明在变坡点附近地表位移较为复杂。     

利用InSAR识别与监测黑方台黄土滑坡

针对甘肃永靖县的黑方台地区滑坡不断对当地居民人身及财产安全构成重大威胁的现状,该文选取高分辨率的升降轨TerraSAR数据、3m分辨率的DEM数据和30m分辨率的SRTM DEM数据,利用InSAR技术对该地区的地表形变进行监测,主要结果如下:用Stacking技术获取了黑方台的形变速率图,识别出14处不稳定滑坡体;用SBAS-InSAR技术对典型滑坡体进行时间序列监测,将InSAR结果投影到滑坡方向与已有的GPS结果进行比较,最大较差为6mm,最大中误差为3mm。结果表明,InSAR技术用来识别与监测黄土滑坡方便可靠,并且精度较高。     

粘性土微观结构简易定量分析法

作者根据计算机图像处理的基本原则，探索出一套粘性土微观结构简易定量分析法，经检验，这种方法简易，有效，对推广岩土结构定量化具有重要意义。     

海南戈枕韧性剪切带微观构造研究

韧性剪切带的定性－定量分析。能更清晰、直接地揭示构造运动生发发展过程应力、应变的状况。作者对海南戈枕韧性剪切带从显微构造角度作了系统研究工作。通过矿物粒度、形态比统计，在纵横方向上更明确了内部的复杂分带性；通过显微批向构造、矿物组权及变形变晶分析了探讨了构造活动的方式、方向；通过古应力值、剪应变、总位移量、弗林系数的测算，定量表述了该带变形机制及应力、应变速率大小。     

陕西洛川黄土-古土壤剖面中伊利石结晶度——黄土物质来源和古气候环境的指示

伊利石是我国黄土和古土壤中最主要的粘土矿物。本文选择陕西洛川黄土-古土壤国际典型剖面为研究对象,通过测定伊利石的结晶度(Kubler指数)、Srodon峰强比值(Ir)和2M_1多型含量,发现黄土物质的起源与中高温(>280℃)地质环境有关;黄土样品中伊利石结晶度值为0.25°2θ(Cu Ka),古土壤样品中伊利石结晶度值大于0.27°2θ(Cu Ka);黄土和古土壤中伊利石结晶度值的差别,是由于古土壤中伊利石含少量的膨胀层,而黄土样品中的伊利石不含有膨胀层而引起的。古土壤中伊利石的膨胀层的成因,与伊利石