三向应力及湿度状态改变对非饱和黄土力学特征的影响

通过对黄土常规三轴试验结果分析,给出了非饱和黄土的强度参数随含水量的指数型变化关系式,并验证了D-P屈服准则对不同湿度状态下黄土发生塑性屈服的适用性。不同三向应力条件和温度状态下的压缩试验表明,Q3黄土的应力应变关系随着三向应力和含水量而变化,这种本构关系可以用一个简单的指数函数来描述。与已有的模型相比,基于室内试验提出的半经验型黄土本构关系具有模型简单、参数少、易确定的优点。     

ECO-ENVIRONMENT CHANGE AND SOIL EROSION PROCESS IN THE RECLAIMED FORESTLAND OF THE LOESS PLATEAU

1INTRODUCTIONSerioussoilerosionhasmadetheeco-environmentfragileintheLoessPlateau.InthemodernsoilerosionoftheLoessPlateau,theman-madeerosionwasthedominanterosionpattern (TANGetal.,1993a,1993b).Manyhumanactivitiesacceleratesoilerosion,butthemostinfluentialactivitiesaretodestroyforestandgrass,eventodestroyallvegetation.Reclamationbydestroyingforestlandandgrasslandartificiallycouldrapidlyincreasesoilerosionintensityinshorttimeandenlargeerosionspacegradually,evenchangeerosiondirectionandwor…     

Response of surface processes to climatic change in the dunefields and Loess Plateau of North China during the late Quaternary

This paper draws on recent optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to evaluate the long‐held assumption that dust accumulation rates in the Loess Plateau and the extent of active aeolian sand in the dunefields to the north have varied together over time, because both are controlled by the strength of the Asian monsoons and also possibly because the dunefields are proximal loess sources. The results show there is little evidence that high rates of loess accumulation coincided with well‐dated episodes of extensive dune activity in the Mu Us, Otindag, and Horqin dunefields, at 11–8 ka and 1–0 ka. Explanations for the apparent lack of coupling include local variation in the trapping of dust and post‐depositional preservation of the loess and dune sediments, in response to varying local environmental conditions. In addition, a substantial portion of the loess may be transported directly from source areas where dust emission has somewhat different climatic and geomorphic controls than aeolian sand activity within the dunefields. The results of this study cast doubt on the use of loess accumulation rate as a palaeoclimatic proxy at millennial timescale. The dunefield and loess stratigraphic records are interpreted as primarily recording changes in effective moisture at a local scale, but the timing of late Quaternary dune activity, along with a variety of other evidence, indicates that moisture changes in many of the drylands of northern China may not be in phase with precipitation in core regions of the Asian monsoons. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A STATISTICAL TEST OF FLORISTIC ZONES AS INFERRED FROM THE POLLEN RECORD: SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND

This study presents the stratigraphic and floristic interpretations of data collected from a 6.49 m core taken within the Rowley River Marsh, Massachusetts. Twenty-five samples were collected at 28 centimeter intervals from the core in this Holocene coastal marsh. Based on stratigraphic control, the age of the core samples includes a time sequence extending back 4,600 years from the present. Analysis of the core stratigraphic units suggests the environment has essentially been a low energy estuarine system for the past 4,600 years. The 25 samples were also processed for pollen taxa present since 4,600 years B.P. A discriminant function analysis was used to test the floristic zonal similarity of the diagnostic taxa (Picea, Pinus, Carya, Tsuga, Quercus) from the core with those same taxa used to establish the floristic zones for the southern New England region. The results of the analysis demonstrated that 84% of the samples were correctly classified by floristic zone. Although the distribution of diagnostic taxa from this study is generally in agreement with the previously established floristic zones, the Tsuga taxa are present throughout the temporal sequence, suggesting the occurrence of a cooler climate regime for the sampling site since 4,600 years B.P.     

黄土高原沟壑区原状土壤氮素迁移

以中国生态系统研究网络CERN长武王东沟实验站的坡耕地和塬耕地为供试土壤,研究了黄土高原沟壑塬区旱耕地原状土壤氮素迁移和时空变异。结果表明:耕作土壤NO3--N为23.1~33.8 mg/kg,NH4+-N为0.23~0.50mg/kg,DOC为9.17~13.38 mg/kg,P为0.18~0.23 mg/kg;坡耕地和塬耕地的NO3--N和NH4+-N主要集中在0~20 cm的上层土壤,中下层土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N起源于上层淋溶迁移和累积;高含量时养分淋溶溶出呈指数衰减型;NO3--N、NH4+-N、DOC向下层的迁移塬耕地慢于坡耕地。     

工程切坡诱发黄土滑坡成因机制研究

伴随着城镇化进程的提速,黄土地区由于工程切坡诱发了大量的工程滑坡。为了研究典型工程黄土滑坡的成因机制,以宝鸡市扶风县飞凤山滑坡为例,开展了野外地质灾害详细调查,同时进行原位渗水试验和原状黄土、古土壤试样土-水特征曲线测试。试验结果表明：当黄土存在小孔洞等结构性问题时,渗透系数可达10-4 cm/s量级,为中等渗透性等级;土-水特征曲线试验求得古土壤的进气值为11.5 kPa,大于黄土的9.0 kPa,同时曲线也显示了古土壤和黄土干湿交替过程中,强度和变形的演化出现分化。在试验结果分析基础上,指出工程切坡是滑坡发生的主要诱发因素,由此触发了土体一系列物理化学链锁反应,尤其是强化了土-水耦合作用的影响,催化了滑坡的发生。最后,提出了飞凤山滑坡的破坏模式为滑带双向发展、兼具滑塌灾害部分典型地质特征的渐进式破坏。     

复合改性水玻璃加固黄土微观特征研究

进行压汞试验和SEM-EDS试验研究复合改性前后水玻璃加固黄土,分析其孔隙分布特征、颗粒和孔隙形态以及胶结物形态和化学元素含量,探讨宏观力学特性与微观特征的联系。压汞测试结果表明,改性前后加固黄土具有相近的孔隙分布特征,入口孔径主要分布在0.06～8 ?m之间,大、中、小和微孔隙分界值分别为8、2、0.06 ?m,加固时生成的凝胶填充作用不显著。SEM-EDS测试结果表明,改性后黄土仍保持其粒状、架空、接触-胶结结构不变,但加入硅酸钾材料后黄土颗粒表面变得粗糙并吸附有絮状物,EDS数据显示K元素含量随着硅酸钾掺入量的增加而增大,且试样无侧限强度与K元素百分含量正相关。研究还表明,土的颗粒联结强度和结构形态特征是导致黄土宏观力学性质差异的本质原因,在复合改性水玻璃加固黄土时在保持黄土架空孔隙基本不变的前提下,生成的含K凝胶在改变颗粒表面形态的同时强化了骨架颗粒之间的连接强度,从而改善了土体的强度。     

干湿循环作用下压实黄土湿陷特性试验研究

压实黄土作为重要的填筑材料,广泛应用于我国西北、华北公路、铁路、机场等基础设施建设中.由于降雨及蒸发的周期性变化,黄土路基及基础经历着强烈的干湿交替作用.基于此,开展压实黄土风干干燥-滴水增湿条件下的干湿循环试验,利用双线法测试最佳含水量条件下不同初始压实度的黄土土样干湿循环前后的湿陷系数.结果表明：没有经历干湿交替作用的土样,湿陷系数随着压实度的增大而快速减小,当压实度达到90%,提高压实度对于黄土湿陷变形特征的影响较小;5次干湿循环作用后,不同压实度下的试样的湿陷系数均明显增大,且压实度越大,干湿作用对其湿陷变形的影响越显著;压实度K=95%试样在经历5次干湿循环作用后土样上部出现肉眼可见的细微孔隙,体积膨胀,有可溶盐析出,湿陷系数达到0.017,土样出现二次湿陷.     

宝兰客运专线王家沟隧道原状黄土各向异性研究

针对黄土隧道开挖过程中不同部位（拱顶或拱腰）处围岩表现出的变形及强度各向异性情况,以宝鸡-兰州客运专线王家沟隧道原状黄土为例,着重探讨原状黄土结构强度各向异性问题。分别取王家沟隧道原状黄土水平与竖直方向进行抗剪、无侧限抗压及抗拉强度试验研究,考虑结构性对各向异性的影响,并对王家沟原状黄土进行电镜扫描,从微观结构上分析原状黄土具有各向异性的原因,最后探讨了原位状态下黄土各向异性的发生机制。结果表明：水平与竖直向应变比随围压的增大而减小,随归一化偏差应力的增大先增大后减小,峰值点随归一化偏差应力呈幂函数递增。提出原状黄土结构强度各向异性几何模型,并给出原状黄土各向异性强度参数指标。     

考虑非饱和特性的黄土湿陷性与微观结构分析

利用扫描电子显微镜测试技术对3个场地16个土样的微观结构进行观测,并使用图像处理软件对微观图像进行处理、对土样孔隙的几何特征参数和分维数进行了提取,土样孔隙分布分维数为1.816~1.936。利用分形几何学原理建立非饱和土的孔隙分布函数,对天然湿度下黄土中水分分布进行分析,运用回归分析的方法对孔隙的分维数、非饱和孔隙孔隙率和湿陷性的关系进行了分析。结果表明：孔隙分维数越大,孔隙结构越复杂;天然湿度下处于非饱和状态的黄土孔隙孔径均大于40μm,黄土的湿陷系数随着孔隙分维数、非饱和孔隙孔隙率的增大而增大,非饱和孔隙是造成黄土湿陷的主要原因。