Development and utilization of a national web-based chronology of hydrological events/Développement et utilisation sur internet d’une chronologie nationale d’événements hydrologiques

Abstract

Abstract The Chronology of British Hydrological Events (CBHE) has been created as an on-line information resource (http://www.dundee.ac.uk/geography/cbhe/) in order to enhance access to and use of historical facts pertaining to British hydrological phenomena. Its scope covers floods, droughts and all other notable historical phenomena of hydrological interest. This paper sets out the technical means by which the CBHE has been created, explains the benefits to hydrologists in creating such a facility, and illustrates its utility with a number of examples. Benefits include hydrological risk assessments, historical studies of individual events and objectives in environmental education. The scope for establishing comparable national chronologies for other countries is identified, along with prospects for enhancing the utility of such systems with additional functionality such as links to on-line gazetteers and maps.     

基于GIS的物联网中间件架构与系统研究

物联网正在快速发展,而地理信息系统能够为联网的物体提供空间位置与状态可视化、时空关系管理与时空过程分析的技术支撑,已在物联网业务中大量使用。本文在分析物联网的需求和GIS技术特点的基础上,针对物联网应用GIS较为分散、开发难度大的现状,提出基于GIS的物联网中间件架构,并基于该架构实现了交通状况示范应用系统,有利于数据共享、互联互通、统一服务、即时处理、实时预警和数据分析,降低了系统建设的成本和周期,提高了业务运维的效益,有利于促进物联网应用向空间化、可视化、协同化、普适化发展。     

网络化自动监测预警系统的设计与实现

随着社会科技和信息化测绘的发展,大型工程安全监测的方法和手段也在飞速地发展,体现在了测量机器人、电子水准仪、GPS、网络通讯、传感器等测量技术的综合应用。国内基于物联网技术的工程监测预警系统也是随着安全监测与信息技术发展起来的。本文提出了在以大地测量仪器和物理学传感器为感知层,以GPRS／CDMA和互联网为网络层,以集成化的数据中心软件和网络数据库为应用层的基础上,设计开发了网络化自动监测预警系统。该系统集数据采集、数据处理、数据管理、数据分析和数据发布等功能于一体,是物联网和网络通讯完美结合下的物联网监测信息系统。     

地方坐标系到CGCS 2000的转换在电网GIS中的应用

随着国家电网公司空间信息服务平台的建设和2000国家大地坐标系(CGCS 2000)的启用,迫切需要将各省不同坐标系的空间数据统一转换到CGCS 2000,从而实现电网空间信息服务平台的纵向贯通及空间数据资源的整合和共享。本文根据电力GIS空间数据资源的特点及行业情况,阐述了电网GIS中现有成果从独立坐标系向CGCS 2000转换的实现,并提出了对转换成果的验证方法。     

Local Labor Market Restructuring and the Employment of Welfare Recipients in Los Angeles County

Although welfare rolls have dropped considerably in recent years, most welfare recipients who find work are employed in low-wage, insecure jobs. The problem of "working poverty" is especially acute in large city-regions such as Los Angeles, where local labor market restructuring has created an expanding, low-wage economy, increasingly dependent on immigrant labor. This paper analyzes the employment outcomes of 6,931 women who completed the county's welfare-to-work program in 1996. I evaluate their earnings, labor market segmentation, and job stability. The results show that women were highly concentrated in low-wage service jobs and experienced high levels of turnover and unemployment. Many were unable to obtain employment in the formal labor market. I argue that the struggles of the working poor in a growing regional economy are explained not solely by human capital limitations, but by processes of local labor market restructuring that have contributed to widespread economic insecurity in Los Angeles County.     

Illegal Farmland Conversion in China's Urban Periphery: Local Regime and National Transitions

Through a case study in a village located in suburban Haikou City, Hainan Province, this article suggests the existence of a local development regime that exercises illegal farmland conversion in China's urban periphery. This regime consists not only of state officials and business investors, but also of local farmers anxious for off-farm employment. Our study highlights the broad transitions that led to the rise of local development regimes in China's urban periphery. These transitions include (1) the development of the local state, (2) farmers' changing relations with local authorities, and (3) the asymmetrical liberalization of land transaction rights in rural and urban areas. Whereas the state government still manages to intervene in the local conversion of farmland, such intervention is increasingly ineffective as economic liberalization intensifies. A series of potential policies are recommended to protect farmland and agricultural livelihoods in the context of rapid urbanization.     

亚运会城市更新对社区居民影响的跟踪研究——基于广州市三个社区的实证调查

亚运会的成功举办对广州的经济、社会、文化产生了深远影响,同时也触发了广州新一轮的城市更新,涉及颇多社区与居民。现有研究仅关注亚运会前期的影响,缺乏对其后续影响的跟踪研究。本文对亚运会期间更新改造的三个案例进行跟踪研究,对比更新前后社区居民在物质、社会和心理层面上所受影响。研究表明:由于城市更新缺乏对社区居民的全面考虑,更新改造导致部分居民的社会经济地位降低,社会网络破坏,邻里关系拆散,社区满意度下降。这场快速、效果显著的城市更新,在物质层面上一定程度地改善了居民的居住环境和质量,但在社会层面和心理层面却对社区居民造成了较大负面影响。作为与政府和开发商不均衡博弈中的弱势方,社区居民成为亚运轰轰烈烈的城市更新改造中的社会成本承担者。城市更新应更多关注社会利益与公众参与,提倡多元化的城市更新目标。     

Bi-cubic interpolation for shift-free pan-sharpening

Most of pan-sharpening techniques require the re-sampling of the multi-spectral (MS) image for matching the size of the panchromatic (Pan) image, before the geometric details of Pan are injected into the MS image. This operation is usually performed in a separable fashion by means of symmetric digital low-pass filtering kernels with odd lengths that utilize piecewise local polynomials, typically implementing linear or cubic interpolation functions. Conversely, constant, i.e. nearest-neighbour, and quadratic kernels, implementing zero and two degree polynomials, respectively, introduce shifts in the magnified images, that are sub-pixel in the case of interpolation by an even factor, as it is the most usual case. However, in standard satellite systems, the point spread functions (PSF) of the MS and Pan instruments are centered in the middle of each pixel. Hence, commercial MS and Pan data products, whose scale ratio is an even number, are relatively shifted by an odd number of half pixels. Filters of even lengths may be exploited to compensate the half-pixel shifts between the MS and Pan sampling grids. In this paper, it is shown that separable polynomial interpolations of odd degrees are feasible with linear-phase kernels of even lengths. The major benefit is that bi-cubic interpolation, which is known to represent the best trade-off between performances and computational complexity, can be applied to commercial MS + Pan datasets, without the need of performing a further half-pixel registration after interpolation, to align the expanded MS with the Pan image.     

A New Formation Mechanism of Coesite without the Plate Deeply-Subduction and Fast-Exhumation——Comment on the Article “Discussion on Some Problems of Quartz-Coesite Phase Transition”

本文分析评论了嵇少丞等(2010)发表的“石英—柯石英相变研究中若干问题讨论”一文.指出他们对柯石英非俯冲折返新机制的一些误解,对某些热力学、物理学概念,及其在地学问题中的解释理解的不同.分析了机械球磨的作用机制;论证了机械球磨作用本质与构造挤压剪切作用本质的同一性.分析了岩石糜棱岩化过程的两个阶段;讨论了地震波形成柯石英机制的可能性.围绕比较标准问题,论证了高能机械球磨(预处理)能大大降低α-石英转变成柯石英的压力、温度和合成时间,促进柯石英的形成.用小尺度不均匀局域高压微区模型解释了人工合成柯石英的规律性、南极洲天然矿物的行为,柯石英的寄生矿物、岩石——锆石、榴辉岩包裹体、非包裹体的形成.列举事例澄清了“球磨引进的Fe杂质提高柯石英形成压力迟缓合成”的说法;讨论了第二相存在对石英—柯石英转变的影响和“应变禁区”边界区的应力梯度相变驱动力可以形成柯石英问题.指出了机械球磨石英原料预处理和静高压合成柯石英后处理两步法,是一种实验室研究柯石英形成规律的有效物理方法;小尺度不均匀局域高压微区模型和无需板块深俯冲快折返的柯石英形成机制,是一种有希望的柯石英形成新机制.     

一种非板块深俯冲快折返的柯石英形成新机制——评析“石英—柯石英相变研究中若干问题讨论”一文

本文分析评论了嵇少丞等(2010)发表的"石英—柯石英相变研究中若干问题讨论"一文。指出他们对柯石英非俯冲折返新机制的一些误解,对某些热力学、物理学概念,及其在地学问题中的解释理解的不同。分析了机械球磨的作用机制;论证了机械球磨作用本质与构造挤压剪切作用本质的同一性。分析了岩石糜棱岩化过程的两个阶段;讨论了地震波形成柯石英机制的可能性。围绕比较标准问题,论证了高能机械球磨(预处理)能大大降低α-石英转变成柯石英的压力、温度和合成时间,促进柯石英的形成。用小尺度不均匀局域高压微区模型解释了人工合成柯石英的规律性、南极洲天然矿物的行为,柯石英的寄生矿物、岩石——锆石、榴辉岩包裹体、非包裹体的形成。列举事例澄清了"球磨引进的Fe杂质提高柯石英形成压力迟缓合成"的说法;讨论了第二相存在对石英—柯石英转变的影响和"应变禁区"边界区的应力梯度相变驱动力可以形成柯石英问题。指出了机械球磨石英原料预处理和静高压合成柯石英后处理两步法,是一种实验室研究柯石英形成规律的有效物理方法;小尺度不均匀局域高压微区模型和无需板块深俯冲快折返的柯石英形成机制,是一种有希望的柯石英形成新机制。