Managing by principle: A critical analysis of the European principles of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

A set of eight principles is contained in the European Recommendation on Integrated Coastal Zone Management. The principles have been adopted with the minimum of critical review. The six core principles form two groups, one concerned with strategic goals and one that has a local focus. The principles are presented as a menu of free-standing options, with no prioritization either within or between groups. This can produce irreconcilable differences in strategy. The principles require clarification, prioritization of the strategic principles and recognition that they are an indivisible integrated set which should not be used to select principles to advance a particular agenda.     

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一次模态变异中尺度对流系统的模拟与分析

利用NCEP FNL分析资料及南京多普勒雷达观测,借助WRF模式,对2017年8月19日发生在长江中下游地区的一次中尺度对流系统(MCS)进行模拟和诊断分析。此次MCS组织模态PS(Parallel Stratiform)型和TS(Trailing Stratiform)型共存,开始为带状结构,最后演变为强弓状飑线。气旋切变和低空急流是此次过程的重要影响系统,而午后强烈发展的地面锋触发了此次强对流。在垂直风切变和冷池共同作用下,西侧初始对流发展为PS型模态,东侧发展为TS型模态。由于PS型模态的中低层垂直风切变发生转向,导致其消散。TS型模态附近冷池和垂直风切变相配合,且在后向入流(Rear Inflow Jets,RIJ)作用下发展成为强弓状飑线;RIJ受中低层涡旋对影响而发展增强,其中气旋式涡旋主要由涡度方程中拉伸项决定,而反气旋式涡旋则主要由倾侧项决定。     

一种建立局域无缝海图深度基准面的方法

根据海洋测绘中垂直基准构建的需求,提出了一种基于主成分-逐步回归分析的建立局域无缝海图深度基准面的方法。在此基础上,利用中国某海区多个验潮站深度基准面值及分潮调和常数振幅,建立了该海区局域无缝深度基准面值回归方程。实例计算表明,该方法所建立的局域海区无缝海图深度基准面值能够达到厘米级精度,可为海图深度基准面体系的重新构建提供技术支持。     

中国地震台网震级的对比

采用线性回归和正交回归方法,利用中国地震台网1983-2004年的观测资料,对中国地震局地球物理研究所测定的地方性震级ML、面波震级MS与MS7、长周期体波震级mB、短周期体波震级mb进行对比,给出了它们之间的经验关系式.研究结果表明:①由于不同的震级标度反映了地震波在不同周期范围内辐射地震波能量的大小,因此对于不同大小的地震,使用不同的震级标度更能客观地描述地震的大小.当震中距小于1 000 km时,用地方性震级ML可以较好地测定近震的震级.当地震的震级M＜4.5时,各种震级标度之间相差不大.当4.5＜M＜6.0时,mB＞MS,MS标度低估了较小地震的震级,因此用mB可以较好地测定较小地震的震级.当M＞6.0时,MS＞mB＞mb,mB与mb标度均低估了较大地震的震级,用MS可以较好地测定出较大地震(6.0＜M＜8.5)的震级.当M＞8.5时,MS出现饱和现象,不能正确地反映大地震的大小;②在我国境内,当震中距＜1 000 km时,ML与区域面波震级MS基本一致,在实际应用中无需对它们进行震级的换算;③虽然MS与MS7同为面波震级,但由于所使用的仪器和计算公式不同,MS比MS7系统地偏高0.2～0.3级;④对于长周期体波震级mB和短周期体波震级mb,虽然使用的计算公式相同,但由于使用的地震波周期不同,对于mB=4.0左右的地震,mB与mb几乎相等,而对于mB≥4.5的地震,则mB＞mb.     

改进的最小生成树自适应空间点聚类算法

针对传统的最小生成树聚类算法存在使用全局不变阈值确定噪声边,聚类需要用户根据经验确定初始化聚类参数,如“边权值倍数容差”,“边长变化因子”等,聚类不能发现局部噪声的问题,本文提出了一种改进的最小生成树自适应空间点聚类算法。该算法在无需用户输入参数的前提下,克服主观因素的影响,根据最小生成树边长的数理统计特征定义裁剪因子。算法首先从宏观层面对最小生成树进行首轮删枝操作,消除全局环境下的噪声边,进而根据各子树的边长统计情况,自适应设定局部裁剪因子,进行第二轮删枝操作,消除局部环境下的噪声边。最后,采用1个模拟数据和1个实际应用验证算法的有效性,结果表明本文提出的改进算法在无需人为提供经验参数的环境下能够发现任意形状、不同密度的簇,能够准确的识别出空间点中的噪声数据,从而能够实现空间点数据背后隐藏信息的自动挖掘。     

From China’s Heavy Precipitation in 2020 to a “Glocal” Hydrometeorological Solution for Flood Risk Prediction

The prolonged mei-yu/baiu system with anomalous precipitation in the year 2020 has swollen many rivers and lakes,caused flash flooding,urban flooding and landslides,and consistently wreaked havoc across large swathes of China,particularly in the Yangtze River basin.Significant precipitation and flooding anomalies have already been seen in magnitude and extension so far this year,which have been exerting much higher pressure on emergency responses in flood control and mitigation than in other years,even though a rainy season with multiple ongoing serious flood events in different provinces is not that uncommon in China.Instead of delving into the causes of the uniqueness of this year’s extreme precipitation-flooding situation,which certainly warrants in-depth exploration,in this article we provide a short view toward a more general hydrometeorological solution to this annual nationwide problem.A“glocal”(global to local)hydrometeorological solution for floods(GHS-F)is considered to be critical for better preparedness,mitigation,and management of different types of significant precipitation-caused flooding,which happen extensively almost every year in many countries such as China,India and the United States.Such a GHS-F model is necessary from both scientific and operational perspectives,with the strength in providing spatially consistent flood definitions and spatially distributed flood risk classification considering the heterogeneity in vulnerability and resilience across the entire domain.Priorities in the development of such a GHS-F are suggested,emphasizing the user’s requirements and needs according to practical experiences with various flood response agencies.     

Local Oceanic Vertical Deflection Determination with Gravity Data Along a Profile

Deflections of the vertical (DOVs) over oceans cannot be directly measured, which restricts their applications. A local covariance function of anomalous potential is put forward in this paper in conjunction with the least-squares collocation (LSC) method to compute the oceanic DOVs utilization of oceanic gravity data along a profile. The covariance functions of gravity field quantities have been derived directly as functions of x, y and z without the need to introduce coordinate transformations corresponding to along- or cross-profile components. In the proposed methodology, gravity data along a profile were used to calculate the residual gravity anomaly using the remove-compute-restore technique. The residual gravity anomaly was used to calculate the parameters of the proposed covariance function of the local anomalous gravity field, which was used in the LSC to compute the residual DOVs along the profile. The residual DOVs added model DOVs to recover the DOVs along the profile. The results of a simulation experiment prove that the proposed methodology is feasible and effective.     

Newly discovered hydrothermal fields along the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge around 63°E

The ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR) to the east of the Melville fracture zone is characterized by very low melt supply and intensive tectonic activity. Due to its weak thermal budget and extremely slow spreading rate, the easternmost SWIR was considered to be devoid of hydrothermal activity until the discovery of the inactive Mt. Jourdanne hydrothermal field(27°51′S, 63°56′E) in 1998. During the COMRA DY115-20 cruise in2009, two additional hydrothermal fields(i.e., the Tiancheng(27°51′S, 63°55′E) and Tianzuo(27°57′S, 63°32′E)fields) were discovered. Further detailed investigations of these two hydrothermal sites were conducted by Chinese manned submersible Jiaolong in 2014–2015. The Tiancheng filed can be characterized as a lowtemperature(up to 13.2°C) diffuse flow hydrothermal field, and is hosted by fractured basalts with hydrothermal fauna widespread on the seafloor. The Tianzuo hydrothermal field is an inactive sulfide field, which is hosted by ultramafic rocks and controlled by detachment fault. The discovery of the three hydrothermal fields around Segment #11 which receives more melt than the regional average, provided evidence for local enhanced magmatism providing heat source to drive hydrothermal circulation. We further imply that hydrothermal activity and sulfide deposits may be rather promising along the easternmost SWIR.