Schmidt hammer and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) used to detect single-event displacements on the Pleasant Valley fault (Nevada,USA)

Changes in surface roughness on carbonate fault scarps often reflect varying durations of subaerial weathering. On the Pleasant Valley fault in central Nevada, the documentation of a surface rupture in 1915, a long recurrence interval of faulting, slow weathering rate, and a relatively high (2–3 m) single-event displacement make the discrimination of the historical and penultimate slip patches unambiguous. Following from a 2018 study, we used a Schmidt hammer and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to further test whether these weathering patterns delineate exposed slip patches on a fault scarp. Results show that Schmidt hammer rebound value ranges (termed ΔR – the difference between minimum and maximum R-values in repeat impacts at a point), increase by ~8–10 points across the historical–penultimate event transition zone in two separate scarp transects. TLS-derived surface roughness also indicates a clear difference between the most recent and penultimate events. The average single-event displacement (SED) estimated using the Schmidt hammer and TLS is 2.85 m at two transect sites and is roughly equivalent to the visually estimated 3 m. While this fault is an ideal case where we know some of the slip history, the results demonstrate that these techniques show promise for discriminating slip patches on larger carbonate fault scarps with longer paleoearthquake histories, and could be used alongside ³⁶Cl cosmogenic exposure-age dating to improve paleoseismic records on normal faults. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

昌马断裂带活动构造地貌之研究

本文根据野外地质调查资料和人工探槽的剖折,并结合¹⁴C年龄数据,讨论了昌马活动断裂带晚更新世晚期以来形成的构造地貌的类型、特征及分期问题.     

Sedimentary records of intense storms in Holocene barrier sequences, Maine, USA

Coastal-morphological, geophysical (ground-penetrating radar [GPR]), and sedimentological data document extreme storm events along the sandy barriers of Maine's south–central (Hunnewell and Flat Point barriers) and southwestern (Saco Bay barriers) coastal compartments. The Hunnewell barrier contains four equally spaced buried storm scarps behind the exposed scarp of the Blizzard of 1978, a 100-year storm that eroded more than 100 m of shoreline, causing extensive property loss. These scarps dip 3–5° steeper than the normal beachface slope and consist of sands with more than 50% heavy minerals. The heavy minerals produce distinct subsurface reflections that facilitate the location of buried supratidal parts of storm scarps and the mapping of ancient poststorm shoreline positions. The imaged scarps likely formed within the past 1.5–2.0 ka BP. The Flat Point barrier consists of a prograded sequence overlain by a laterally extensive, seaward-thinning layer of freshwater peat and capped by aeolian sands. This stratigraphy suggests that the bog varied in size through time, contracting during overwash events and aeolian deposition and expanding across washover sheets during extended periods of barrier stability. The main overwash event accompanied by barrier planation and wetland expansion may be linked to the first historical storm in New England, the “Great Colonial Hurricane” of 1635.

Evidence of near-modern and mid-Holocene storm events along Saco Bay includes washover units and marsh ridges. Washovers interfinger with saltmarsh peat that ranges in age from 4.5 ka BP to modern. The presence of isolated sandy ridges behind existing and former tidal inlets reflects overtopping of marshes and high intertidal mudflats during major storms. Radiocarbon ages indicate that this process took place at different locations along the Saco Bay barrier complex from 3 to 1 ka BP.     

Impact of synsedimentary metre-scale normal fault scarps on sediment gravity flow dynamics: An example from the Grès d’Annot Formation, SE France

Synsedimentary faults result in the direct interaction between tectonic and sedimentary processes at similar spatio-temporal scales. Sedimentological analysis of sediment-laden gravity flows in the northern part of the Grès d'Annot Formation (Sanguinière sub-basin, Col de la Moutière/Tête Ronde) has revealed the presence of fault scarps of metre-scale height. These synsedimentary fault scarps were sufficient to disturb the sediment gravity flow dynamics resulting in (i) a strong variation of the erosive behaviour of a concentrated flow and (ii) the transformation of a strongly stratified, laminar hyperconcentrated flow into a turbulent flow, in short distance (less than 500 m). These disturbances develop without the flows being deviated by the fault scarps but produce great facies heterogeneity, the least homogeneous facies (mixing sand and clay) being localized on the upstream obstacle side, the most homogeneous (massive sand) downstream.     

Physical modelling of fault scarp degradation under freeze–thaw cycles

Physical modelling has been developed in order to simulate the effects of periglacial erosion processes on the degradation of slopes and scarps. Data from 41 experimental freeze–thaw cycles are presented. They attest to the efficiency of periglacial processes that control both erosion and changes in scarp morphology: (i) cryoexpulsion leads to an increase of scarp surface roughness and modifies significantly the internal structure of the active layer; (ii) combined effects of frost creep and gelifluction lead to slow and gradual downslope displacements of the active layer (0·3 cm/cycle); (iii) debris flows are associated with the most significant changes in scarp morphology and are responsible for the highest rate of scarp erosion; (iv) quantification of the erosion rate gives values close to 1 cm³ cm^?2 for 41 freeze–thaw cycles. These experimental results are consistent with field data acquired along the La Hague fault scarp (Normandy, France) where an erosion rate of 4·6 ± 1 m³ m^?2 per glacial stage has been computed from the volume of natural slope deposits stored during the Weichselian glacial stage. These results show that moist periglacial erosion processes could lead to an underestimation of Plio‐Quaternary deformation in the mid‐latitudes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

玉门塔尔湾北西向地貌陡坎成因探讨

运用探槽开挖,揭露还原构造运动的方法,对沿塔尔湾断裂分布的地貌陡坎的形成过程进行了分析,得出了塔尔湾断裂的主要活动时期为早中更新世,现在地貌上的陡坎是外动力作用形成的,不是断裂活动形成的结论。     

青藏高原北缘三危山断裂晚第四纪以来的逆冲运动及其深部构造特征

三危山断裂为阿尔金断裂带东段的重要分支,位于青藏高原北缘北向扩展的前缘位置,为一条左旋走滑兼逆冲的活动断裂。通过卫片解译和野外实际调查,发现三危山主断裂穿过鸣沙山后,向西至党河水库及阳关镇附近以断层陡坎的形式出露地表。由阳关镇段向西至党河水库段,穿过鸣沙山至三危山主断裂,断层陡坎的形态由复杂变简单,落差基本集中于2～6m,但呈现逐渐减小的趋势,水平位移量也逐渐变小,反映了断裂活动强度由西向东逐渐减弱的特点。探槽和剖面解译结果显示,该段断裂错断下更新统玉门组（Qp1）砂岩和砾岩、中更新统酒泉组（Qp2）砂砾石层以及上更新统（Qp3）冲洪积砂砾石层。卫片解译、野外实地调查和深部大地电磁（MT）剖面的解译结果表明,南截山断裂向西在莫高窟南侧与三危山断裂交汇,二者在深部向阿尔金断裂收敛,上述三条断裂共同构成区域挤压性非对称半正花状构造。高原北缘的扩展是通过一系列北东-南西向走滑断裂活动及其所夹地块向北东运动和挤压实现。     

临潼-长安断裂带所在陡坎的成因分析

临潼-长安断裂带主要由两条主断层和两条分支断层组成,断层基本沿北东向的黄土塬陡坎展布,陡坎高30～128m不等。虽然断层和陡坎有很好的重合关系,但陡坎并不完全是断层所形成,主要原因有:1)野外断层露头表明,断层错断S1古土壤层一般为0.2～1.5m,最大为6.0m,错断S₂～S₄古土壤层也仅有几米,与断层所在的陡坎高度相比,断层的错距很小;2)高桥和月登阁钻探结果显示,钻孔中早更新世地层上部断层错距分别不大于24.45m和8.49m,即断层在黄土塬基座中的错距比相应的黄土陡坎高度要小;3)在某些局部地段断层并不随陡坎拐弯而拐弯;4)深孔资料显示有侵蚀现象。综合分析,临潼-长安断裂带所在的陡坎是侵蚀作用和断层错动共同作用的结果,陡坎的形成以侵蚀作用为主,断层的错动量很小。地壳抬升、断块掀斜运动产生断层,新近纪或早更新世"三门湖"在已有的断层位置发生侵蚀,两者共同作用形成了现今地貌陡坎。     

阿尔金构造系晚更新世中晚期以来的逆冲活动

在阿尔金构造系中,阿尔金走滑断裂具有逆冲分量。文中将阿尔金构造系的逆冲活动分为西、中、东3段描述。西段从阿依耐克至车尔臣河河口,阿尔金南缘断裂具有逆冲活动迹象,在山前发育了规模较小的逆冲断层,有较新的地貌面被错动;中段从车尔臣河河口至拉配泉一带,在阿尔金山北缘发育大规模的逆冲断层,有较新的地貌面被错动;东段从拉配泉至宽滩山,逆冲断层有2种形式,此段阿尔金北缘断裂有逆冲分量,同时在阿尔金山北缘及山前冲洪积扇上发育逆冲断裂。自晚更新世中晚期以来,中段及东段逆冲速率<2mm/a。中段西部江尕拉萨依地区自16kaBP以来逆冲速率约为0.33mm/a,中部米兰桥一带自32kaBP以来的逆冲速率约为1.42mm/a。东段最大的逆冲速率在近中部的团结乡,自约5.31kaBP以来达到约1.81mm/a,向东西两端有减小的趋势,在西部柳城子自约72.36kaBP以来的逆冲速率为0.57mm/a,而东端的红柳沟自约8.99kaBP以来仅为0.05mm/a。团结乡地区约自19kaBP以来,逆冲活动有增强的趋势