A review of paired catchment studies for determining changes in water yield resulting from alterations in vegetation

Paired catchment studies have been widely used as a means of determining the magnitude of water yield changes resulting from changes in vegetation. This review focuses on the use of paired catchment studies for determining the changes in water yield at various time scales resulting from permanent changes in vegetation. The review considers long term annual changes, adjustment time scales, the seasonal pattern of flows and changes in both annual and seasonal flow duration curves. The paired catchment studies reported in the literature have been divided into four broad categories: afforestation experiments, deforestation experiments, regrowth experiments and forest conversion experiments. Comparisons between paired catchment results and a mean annual water balance model are presented and show good agreement between the two methodologies. The results highlight the potential underestimation of water yield changes if regrowth experiments are used to predict the likely impact of permanent alterations to a catchment's vegetation. An analysis of annual water yield changes from afforestation, deforestation and regrowth experiments demonstrates that the time taken to reach a new equilibrium under permanent land use change varies considerably. Deforestation experiments reach a new equilibrium more quickly than afforestation experiments. The review of papers reporting seasonal changes in water yield highlights the proportionally larger impact on low flows. Flow duration curve comparison provides a potential means of gaining a greater understanding of the impact of vegetation on the distribution of daily flows.     

中巴喀喇昆仑公路(巴基斯坦境内)河床沉积物与泥石流堆积物的关系

统计分析中巴公路沿线红其拉甫河(Khunjerab River)、洪扎河(Huza River)、吉尔吉特河(Gilgit River)、印度河(India River)共计45个河床沉积物样本,对比分析了样本的平均值、中值、分选系数、偏态和峰度等粒度参数,初步探讨了公路沿线河床沉积物粒度分布与区域内泥石流沉积物的关系,结果表明河流沉积物主要来源于泥石流补给,因而具有了类似于泥石流沉积物的分布特征。     

视电阻率曲线在研究聚煤盆地沉积环境分析及聚煤规律中的应用

分析聚煤盆地沉积环境,研究聚煤盆地煤层分布规律,对指导煤田预测和指导勘探工作有着重要的作用。充分利用数字测井的视电阻率曲线来分析、解释原始沉积环境,研究聚煤盆地的煤层分布特点,具有一定的现实意义。     

广东河台金矿田糜棱岩磁组构对剪切带变形与成矿的约束

河台金矿田是广东省内规模最大的金矿,由于金矿床都产于糜棱岩带中,因而被认为是典型的与剪切带有关的金矿。然而,对于Au矿化与剪切带变形条件之间的关系目前仍不十分清楚。高村和云西是河台金矿田两个代表性的金矿床,分别受ML11和ML9两条剪切带的控制。本文在对两条剪切带中的含矿和无矿糜棱岩的变形特征进行野外调查和室内岩（矿）相学观察的基础上,分别开展岩石磁学和磁化率各向异性（AMS）特征研究。糜棱岩x- T曲线显示了磁黄铁矿的居里温度,结合磁滞回线、等温剩磁（IRM）以及矿相学特征,表明河台金矿田糜棱岩几乎不含磁铁矿,载磁矿物主要为黑云母和磁黄铁矿,但是磁黄铁矿的贡献要远大于黑云母。两条糜棱岩带中不含矿糜棱岩的平均磁化率Km＜500×10-6 (SI)、磁化率各向异性度Pj、椭球体形状参数T、磁面理F和磁线理L没有明显差别。并且形成两条剪切带的主应力方向也近于一致,最大主应力方向σ1（K3）为近水平NNW- SSE向,最小主应力σ3（K1）为NEE- SWW向,倾伏角较缓。运动学涡度Wk值也近似,在0. 12~0. 65之间,小于0. 71。上述特征暗示两条含金剪切带都是在印支期NNW- SSE向近水平的强烈挤压作用下形成的,其中发育的糜棱岩为S型和SL型构造岩,具有强烈压扁的特征,并且在剪切变形过程中纯剪切作用所占的比重要明显大于简单剪切。然而,两条剪切带中含矿糜棱岩与无矿糜棱岩的AMS特征有明显的区别。含矿糜棱岩的K1近于直立,且Km＞500×10-6 (SI)和Pj值都明显大于无矿糜棱岩。因此,糜棱岩的变形强度与含矿性具有一定的正相关关系,而在燕山期叠加的脆韧性变形使得最大磁化率主轴（即最小主应力轴）变陡,更有利于热液的运移和最终成矿。     

Climatic changes in areas adjacent to the North Atlantic during the last glacial-interglacial transition (14-9 ka BP): A contribution to IGCP-253

This paper presents a summary of the evidence for climatic changes during the last glacial-interglacial transition (14-9 ka BP) in land areas adjacent to the North Atlantic. It is a synthesis of the results of the 12 regional summaries compiled by contributors to the North Atlantic Seaboard Programme of IGCP-253 that are published separately in this issue of Journal of Quaternary Science. Eighteen palaeotemperature curves are compared and arranged in three transects, one from southern Europe to Spitsbergen, a second from Ireland to Poland, and the third from southern New England to the Labrador-Baffin Shelf area. Ten maps are presented that summarise the synoptic climatic conditions of the region in 500-year time periods. The purpose of the exercise is to examine the extent to which any emerging patterns support the Ruddiman and Mclntyre model of large-scale shifts in the position of the oceanice Polar Front during the last glacial-interglacial transition. Some broad agreement emerges, although the influence of oceanic changes is diminished in areas that lay in close proximity to the Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets. Attention is drawn to limitations in the compilations and to the potential for improved models in the future.     

Bedload yields for sand‐bed streams in the Ngarradj Creek catchment,Northern Territory,Australia

Bedload yields were calculated by 39 methods at the East Tributary gauge, nine methods at Upper Swift Creek gauge and 11 methods at Swift Creek gauge in the Ngarradj Creek catchment in northern Australia. These methods involved combining various significant bedload rating curves determined for a measured bedload data set for a 4‐year period with either the hourly or daily hydrographs or flow duration curves for the same period, 1 September 1998 to 31 August 2002. Bedload ratings were both statistically significant (ρ ≤ 0.05) and explained at least 60% of the variance in bedload flux. Bias corrections were used with all methods based on log₁₀‐transformed ratings. Estimated mean annual bedload yields varied by three orders of magnitude at the East Tributary gauge and by two orders of magnitude at Upper Swift Creek and Swift Creek gauges. Hourly discharges usually produced higher estimated yields than daily discharges. The bedload rating‐flow duration curve technique overestimates yields and bias correction methods always produce even higher yields. Ratings using both immersed bedload weight and adjusted immersed bedload weight always under‐predicted yields because they contain an implicit threshold of motion condition that is at least four times greater than that predicted by Bagnold's threshold equation. Such a result questions the applicability of Bagnold's threshold equation to the Ngarradj Creek catchment. The best estimates of mean annual bedload yield at East Tributary, Upper Swift Creek and Swift Creek gauges are 600 ± 170 (SE), 1065 ± 150 and 1795 ± 270 t/year, respectively. © 2015 Commonwealth of Australia. Hydrological Processes © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.