Response reduction factor of irregular RC buildings in Kathmandu valley

Most current seismic design includes the nonlinear response of a structure through a response reduction factor(R). This allows the designer to use a linear elastic force-based approach while accounting for nonlinear behavior and deformation limits. In fact, the response reduction factor is used in modern seismic codes to scale down the elastic response of a structure. This study focuses on estimating the actual ‘R' value for engineered design/construction of reinforced concrete(RC) buildings in Kathmandu valley. The ductility and overstrength of representative RC buildings in Kathmandu are investigated. Nonlinear pushover analysis was performed on structural models in order to evaluate the seismic performance of buildings. Twelve representative engineered irregular buildings with a variety of characteristics located in the Kathmandu valley were selected and studied. Furthermore, the effects of overstrength on the ductility factor, beam column capacity ratio on the building ductility, and load path on the response reduction factor, are examined. Finally, the results are further analyzed and compared with different structural parameters of the buildings.     

Dynamic analysis of slab track on multi-layered transversely isotropic saturated soils subjected to train loads

The dynamic responses of a slab track on transversely isotropic saturated soils subjected to moving train loads are investigated by a semi-analytical approach. The track model is described as an upper Euler beam to simulate the rails and a lower Euler beam to model the slab. Rail pads between the rails and slab are represented by a continuous layer of springs and dashpots. A series of point loads are formulated to describe the moving train loads. The governing equations of track-ground systems are solved using the double Fourier transform, and the dynamic responses in the time domain are obtained by the inverse Fourier transform. The results show that a train load with high velocity will generate a larger response in transversely isotropic saturated soil than the lower velocity load, and special attention should be paid on the pore pressure in the vicinity of the ground surface. The anisotropic parameters of a surface soil layer will have greater influence on the displacement and excess pore water pressure than those of the subsoil layer. The traditional design method taking ground soil as homogeneous isotropic soil is unsafe for the case of RE 1 and RG 1, so a transversely isotropic foundation model is of great significance to the design for high train velocities.     

The relationship between extension of lower crust and displacement of the shelf break

With deep sea petroleum explorations become more and more popular,some geological phenomena have emerged:extension of lower crust and upper crust is inhomogeneous;shelf break has been moved rapidly after crustal stretching.These geological phenomena are important to the continental margin evolution.To investigate the thinning of the whole crust and the contribution of the upper crust versus the lower crust to the crustal stretching since the Cenozoic,we calculated the stretching factors of the upper and the lower crust based on the 13 seismic lines in the Baiyun Sag from CNOOC.The results indicated that the whole crustal thickness decreases seaward while the whole crustal stretching factor increases from shelf to slope.Our calculations showed that the lower crustal stretching factor is higher than that of the upper crust in the Baiyun Sag.In the Cenozoic,deformation of the Baiyun Sag is controlled mainly by ductile shearing rather than brittle shearing.Based on the numerical modeling,we can conclude the initial crust in the Baiyun Sag is thermally attenuated.The stretching factor(β)of the lower crust increases from the north to the south of the continental margin,indicating two stretching centers:the Baiyun Sag and the Liwan Sag.The geometry of the shelf break and theβisoline trap have the similar trend in 23.8 and 13.8 Ma,both located in the intense deforming zone of the lower crust,and therefore we conclude the stretching and flowing of the lower crust cause the displacement of the shelf break before and after 23.8 Ma.     

一年内列车荷载作用下冻土路基的应力分布

冻土路基土体的物理性质与温度有密切关系, 在不同的季节, 路基内的变形场和应力场会相应发生变化. 为了说明路基内变形场和应力场的季节性差异, 以青藏铁路某断面为例, 对冻土路基在有、无列车荷载两种工况下进行了数值模拟, 系统分析了两种工况下路基内的变形场和应力场特点. 结果表明: 路基修筑后, 在自重作用下会产生较大瞬时变形; 由于路基内温度场随时间变化, 路基内各点的位移也随时间发生变化, 且位移时程曲线与温度时程曲线大体呈负相关. 在有、无列车两种工况下路基竖向位移分布都是由道砟中心向路基内部逐渐减小, 但数值明显不同; 由列车荷载引起的最大竖向附加变形发生在路基顶面中心点, 在10月15日、1月15日、4月15日, 变形量分别为-4.94 mm、-3.24 mm、-2.56 mm. 对于路基底面中心点和地基浅层中心点, 由列车荷载引起的附加应力在10月15日最大、1月15日次之、4月15日最小, 附加应力最大达到19.48 kPa; 列车荷载主要影响路基上部土体应力分布, 对下部土体应力分布影响较小.     

既有桩基荷载对邻近浅埋隧道开挖效应及支护内力影响的研究

建立了包括地层模型、桩基荷载模型、浅埋隧道开挖模型和支护模型以及桩基荷载、地层压力、地层沉降、支护应变量测装置的平面应变模型试验系统;通过模型试验,研究了不同水平、竖向相对位置处的既有桩基荷载对附近浅埋隧道开挖引起的地层压力重分布、地层沉降及隧道支护内力的影响特征。另外,采用FLAC3D软件,对模型试验及不同工况进行了数值模拟。结果表明：（1）与没有桩基荷载的自由地层中的隧道开挖试验相比较,地层中的既有桩基荷载会明显地改变邻近浅埋隧道开挖引起的地层压力重分布、地层沉降及隧道支护内力;（2）对于桩径和水平相对距离都相同,但桩长不同的桩基荷载,桩长与隧道埋深比值为1.0时,对隧道开挖效应影响最大,二者比值小于1.0时,其影响程度随着比值的减小而减小,二者比值大于1.0时,桩长的改变对隧道开挖效应影响较小;（3）对于桩径和桩长都相同的桩基荷载,对地层压力、地层沉降及支护内力的影响随桩基荷载与隧道的水平距离的减小而增大,桩基荷载距隧道的水平距离与隧道直径比值介于0.5～4.0时,桩基荷载对隧道开挖效应影响较大,隧道较危险,比值介于4.0～6.0时,影响较小,比值＞6.0时,影响可以忽略不计。     

顶管推进引起施工场地竖向附加荷载分析

基于层状体系解析刚度矩阵理论解,结合5节点Gauss-Legendre求积公式,提出了层状地基中顶管施工正面附加推力、掘进机与土体之间摩擦力以及共同作用力引起的附加荷载计算方法,分析了顶管推进引起的土体竖向附加荷载分布规律,也研究了地基等效均质性、土层力学参数、计算点间距以及顶管埋深等因素对顶管施工诱发附加荷载的影响效应。研究结果表明,掘进摩擦力引起的附加荷载在掘进面前方迅速达到压应力峰值,其量值大小和影响范围均要大于正面附加推力,是顶管施工引起临近地层附加荷载的主要影响因素。此外,层状地基土体参数的改变会对顶管施工扰动地层的附加荷载产生一定影响,地基等效均质性、计算点间距以及顶管埋深等因素对附加荷载大小及分布均存在显著影响。成果可为合理制定顶管开挖对周围土工环境的保护措施提供一定理论依据,也可为其他盾构隧道工程提供一定的理论参考。     

川西坳陷新页HF-1井须五段泥页岩吸附气含量主控因素及其定量预测模型

页岩气是一种重要的非常规天然气,其中相当一部分的天然气以吸附态存在。吸附气含量是页岩气资源评价和目标区优选的关键性参数,也是评价页岩是否具有经济开采价值的一个重要标准。为了探讨川西坳陷新页HF-1井须五段泥页岩吸附气含量主控因素,选取了该井须五段泥页岩样品进行同一温度下的等温吸附实验,获得页岩等温吸附特征曲线及Langmuir体积和Langmuir压力值,分析压力对页岩吸附气含量的影响程度,利用Langmuir模型计算地层压力条件下的吸附气含量。利用实验数据分析了新页HF-1井须五段泥页岩吸附气含量与比表面积、孔隙度、密度、成熟度、湿度和压力各单因素之间的相关关系,然后运用SPSS软件对吸附气含量的几个影响因素进行了主成分分析。结果表明：比表面积、湿度和压力是影响新页HF-1井须五段泥页岩吸附气含量的主要因素。最后建立了同时考虑这3个主控因素的页岩吸附气含量计算新模型。通过新模型可以计算出新页HF-1井须五段未知泥页岩的吸附气含量,计算结果与实测值之间相关系数高,结果准确可靠,是一种评价等温条件下页岩吸附气含量的好方法,对页岩吸附气含量评价具有一定的指导意义。     

遥感技术在复杂山区页岩气早期勘探中的应用

我国目前公开招标的页岩气区块多数位于四川盆地东南缘高陡构造带,地形复杂,断裂发育,造成区块内页岩气的勘探和开发均存在一定难度.与盆地内覆盖区的页岩气早期勘探不同,复杂山地内的页岩气早期勘探需考虑地表地貌因素,加强早期研究,降低勘探风险和成本.利用湖南保靖地区的页岩气招标区块的遥感数据,与DEM数据相结合,考虑坡度、高程2个因素,优选研究区页岩气勘探的地貌有利区,为下一步页岩气的勘探和后期施工提供参考.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区切沟侵蚀与地形关系分析——以纸坊沟流域为例

沟蚀是土壤侵蚀研究的主要内容之一,地形地貌是沟蚀的一个重要影响因子。本文以安塞纸坊沟流域作为研究区域,选择土地利用方式、土壤类型、坡度坡长因子、平面曲率、坡向和地形湿度指数6个因子,通过因子内切沟所占比重/整个研究区切沟所占比重计算各个因子的权重值,通过空间叠加分析土壤侵蚀敏感性,并通过重分类的方法把土壤侵蚀敏感性分为基本无侵蚀、轻度侵蚀、中度侵蚀、强度侵蚀、剧烈侵蚀5个等级,来研究切沟侵蚀与地形的关系。结果表明：切沟多发生在坡度坡长较大、地表湿度较高的林草地区域和更容易发生侵蚀的黄绵土区域,并且多分布在阴坡的凹面;对比分析切沟侵蚀和土壤侵蚀敏感性,切沟大多分布在中等侵蚀敏感性以上的区域,约占总切沟的90%;实验权重值对验证区冲沟的响应精度为82.43%（中度侵蚀及其以后阶段）,与实际值90.53%相差不大,说明此种方法对黄土丘陵沟壑区具有一定适用性,对黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持工作有重要意义。     

高层建筑荷载引发地面沉降与隆起变形三维数值模拟

针对地下水埋深较浅地区,由高层建筑荷载引起的土体变形问题,以比奥固结理论为基础,结合土体非线性流变理论,将土体本构关系推广到黏弹塑性;同时考虑土体力学参数及水力参数的动态变化关系,建立了高层建筑荷载引发地面沉降与隆起变形的三维有限元数值模型,详细研究了高层建筑荷载影响下的土体变形特征及此过程中土体力学参数及水力学参数的变化特征。结果表明：由高层建筑荷载引起的地面沉降呈现漏斗状,以建筑物中心为漏斗中心,高层建筑荷载施加初期,高层建筑周围出现隆起,到达最大值后隆起逐渐消失;高层建筑底部浅层土体孔隙度、渗透系数及泊松比均呈现缓慢减小趋势,弹性模量呈现缓慢增大趋势;而高层建筑周围浅层土体的孔隙度、渗透系数及泊松比呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,弹性模量则呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势;高层建筑影响区域浅部土体参数的变化趋势与土体的回弹及压缩有关。