辽宁省霾天气季节变化特征及其主导因子分析

利用辽宁省51个地面气象观测站的能见度、均一化相对湿度和天气现象资料,采用最优距离法和固定比例法对能见度资料进行一致性处理,重建了1961—2020年的辽宁省逐日霾资料,并利用该资料对辽宁省年和四季霾日时空变化特征和主导因子进行分析。结果表明,1961—2020年辽宁省平均年霾日呈显著增加趋势[2.1 d·(10 a)^-1],但2015年以来霾日显著减少;空间上,年和四季霾日呈现一致的分布特征,均存在1个高值中心(沈阳)和2个副高值中心(北票和锦州),年平均霾日分别为139、52、46 d,辽东和辽西山区为霾日低发区,年平均霾日在20 d以内。风向和风速是霾日形成的重要气象因子,西南偏南风增加带来的暖湿气流对春季、夏季和秋季霾日的形成贡献较大,北风的减少则对冬季霾日的形成贡献较大。霾发生时辽宁省春季、夏季和秋季发生西南偏南风的频率分别由11.4%、12.1%和8.0%增加至15.8%、19.8%和13.5%,冬季则表现为北风发生频率的减少和静风发生频率的增加;霾发生时四季风速均较平均状况偏小,说明小风有利于霾的形成。辽宁省霾长期演变受到污染物排放、风力因子和环境政...     

双线偏振雷达判别降水粒子类型技术及其检验

在综合分析国内外降水粒子相态识别方法的基础上,结合我国双线偏振雷达的应用需求,建立了一套利用双线偏振雷达探测资料识别降水粒子类型的识别模式,并根据美国KOUN雷达观测资料对该模式进行了分析验证,同时检验了模式中的几个偏振参数:差分反射率因子ZDR、差传播相移KDP、水平偏振和垂直偏振回波功率零滞后互相关系数ρHV(0)对不同降水粒子的识别效果。通过分析认为:利用该识别模式得到的结果基本合理,可以反映降水区域内降水粒子的相态结构,但还需要对资料作进一步的研究。同时在识别各类降水粒子方面,ZDR的效果要高于KDP和ρHV(0),在缺乏相关资料的情况下可以考虑用ZH和ZDR配对识别的结果作为真实的结果。     

福建省数字化钻孔体应变观测资料质量初步分析

对整个福建省的钻孔体应变仪器运行状况进行了综合评价,并对4个台站的观测资料质量进行了分析,用M2波潮汐因子及其相对中误差等来衡量其总体精度和稳定性,还分析了钻孔应变观测的干扰机理和特征,希望能够正确地认识以及排除观测资料中的非异常信息,提高观测精度,为地震分析预报提供可靠的前兆资料。     

河南省主体功能区划分的主导因素研究

推进形成主体功能区是我国"十一五"及今后一段时期一项重要而又紧迫的任务,是我国经济社会发展的一个重要战略调整和转变.作者在全面分析河南省独特的自然条件和经济社会发展特征的基础上,认为:自然条件的过渡性是影响河南省主体功能区划分的本底因素;土地、水等重要资源严重不足并且开发利用强度高成为主体功能区划分的刚性限制因素;生态环境较高的敏感性和脆弱性是主体功能区划分尤其是对禁止开发区和限制开发区的划定作用显著;工业化和城镇化的快速发展带来的全省经济的高增长势头和未来区域经济发展的格局是主体功能区划分需要把握的重要经济属性.     

水对土质边坡的稳定性影响分析

首先论述了地下水对边坡稳定性的影响因素,水对土质边坡的影响作用,接着推导出了考虑水作用影响的边坡安全系数计算公式,最后指出应用动态的观点来研究边坡体内的地下水作用.     

工程结构三维疲劳裂纹最大应力强度因子计算

介绍了裂纹的类型、裂纹尖端应力场的奇异性。以一维问题为例,推导论证了奇异单元能够很好的反映裂纹尖端应力场的奇异性。应力强度因子一般表达式表明应力强度因子与载荷呈线性关系,并依赖于物体和裂纹的几何形状和尺寸。本文借助大型通用有限元软件ANSYS,采用位移外插法计算了三维表面裂纹前沿不同位置处的应力强度因子,并与《应力强度因子手册》基于实验的理论公式计算结果相比较。结果表明:有限元结果与理论解误差较小,裂纹最深处应力强度因子最大。     

漳州市山体滑坡主要影响因素分析

对漳州市区域内近十几年来所发生滑坡的地质灾害点进行调查研究,提出了漳州地区山体滑坡主要受地形、地质、气象和人类工程活动因素的综合影响。一般地形坡度在25°～50°,坡型为阶梯型、人工边坡无支挡,土质边坡坡度大于70°与坡高大于4m者,连续10d内降雨量在170mm以上,且日降雨量在100mm的强降雨时,发生滑坡的概率,达71.7%。故此,降雨量170mm以上、日降雨量大于或等于100mm时,可作为漳州市地质灾害预警预报的指标。     

某边坡变形破坏机理的数值分析

某花岗岩矿岩土体主要有填土、粉质粘土、淤泥及淤泥质土、含泥中粗砂、粘土、残积砂质粘土,其下为花岗岩基岩。边坡最大高度75m,其中残积土层以上的土质边坡高度约50m。本文运用有限元强度折减法对该边坡的稳定性进行了研究,得出了潜在的破坏模式及各个滑动部分的安全系数。分析结果表明,本边坡存在3个潜在滑动面,其中两个为浅层滑动面,另一个为深层滑动面。两个浅层滑动面的稳定系数在1.13～1.17,处于临界状态。深层滑动面稳定性系数在1.29,目前尚处在相对稳定状态。根据分析结果,提出了如下加固措施:（1）对滑坡体进行削坡处理;（2）在其滑动面下方设置抗滑台阶;（3）采用预应力锚索框架梁结合肋柱进行加固处理。     

Bearing capacity of strip foundations reinforced with geogrid sheets by using upper bound finite‐element limit analysis

By using the upper bound finite‐elements limit analysis, with an inclusion of single and two horizontal layers of reinforcements, the ultimate bearing capacity has been computed for a rigid strip footing placed over (i) fully granular, (ii) cohesive‐frictional, and (iii) fully cohesive soils. It is assumed that (i) the reinforcements are structurally strong so that no axial tension failure can occur, (ii) the reinforcement sheets have negligible resistance to bending, and (iii) the shear failure can take place between the reinforcement and soil mass. It is expected that the different approximations on which the analysis has been based would generally remain applicable for reinforcements in the form of geogrid sheets. A method has been proposed to incorporate the effect of the reinforcement in the analysis. The efficiency factors, η_c and η_γ, to be multiplied with N_c and N_γ , for finding the bearing capacity of reinforced foundations, have been established. The results have been obtained (i) for different values of ? in case of fully granular and cohesive‐frictional soils, and (ii) for different rates at which the cohesion increases with depth for a fully cohesive soil. The optimum positions of the reinforcements' layers have also been determined. The effect of the reinforcements' length on the results has also been analyzed. As compared to cohesive soils, the granular soils, especially with higher values of ?, cause a much greater increase in the bearing capacity. The results compare reasonably well with the available theoretical and experimental data from literature. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of soil and water conservation measures on catchment hydrological response—a case in north Ethiopia

Impact studies of catchment management in the developing world rarely include detailed hydrological components. Here, changes in the hydrological response of a 200‐ha catchment in north Ethiopia are investigated. The management included various soil and water conservation measures such as the construction of dry masonry stone bunds and check dams, the abandonment of post‐harvest grazing, and the establishment of woody vegetation. Measurements at the catchment outlet indicated a runoff depth of 5 mm or a runoff coefficient (RC) of 1·6% in the rainy season of 2006. Combined with runoff measurements at plot scale, this allowed calculating the runoff curve number (CN) for various land uses and land management techniques. The pre‐implementation runoff depth was then predicted using the CN values and a ponding adjustment factor, representing the abstraction of runoff induced by the 242 check dams in gullies. Using the 2006 rainfall depths, the runoff depth for the 2000 land management situation was predicted to be 26·5 mm (RC = 8%), in line with current RCs of nearby catchments. Monitoring of the ground water level indicated a rise after catchment management. The yearly rise in water table after the onset of the rains (ΔT) relative to the water surplus (WS) over the same period increased between 2002–2003 (ΔT/WS = 3·4) and 2006 (ΔT/WS >11·1). Emerging wells and irrigation are other indicators for improved water supply in the managed catchment. Cropped fields in the gullies indicate that farmers are less frightened for the destructive effects of flash floods. Due to increased soil water content, the crop growing period is prolonged. It can be concluded that this catchment management has resulted in a higher infiltration rate and a reduction of direct runoff volume by 81% which has had a positive influence on the catchment water balance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.