唐山地震人员伤亡数值模拟与评估

应用作者提出的地震人员伤亡指数和状态函数的概念,进一步给出初始人员伤亡矩阵,并借助于几个概率分布函数确定了砖砌体结构的初始人员伤亡矩阵,建立了地震人员伤亡动态量化评估方法,以此方法对唐山地震进行了人员伤亡数量的模拟与评估。     

Sidewall effects and sand trap efficiency in a large wind tunnel

Aeolian sand transport is a widespread physical phenomenon on the surface of Earth, as well as on Mars and Titan. Accurate measurements of the components of the transport system are necessary if we are to understand the nature of the physical processes. Sand traps are typically used to measure sediment transport rates, and issues associated with the sampling efficiency of traps and the development of reliable traps have received considerable attention in recent decades. In this study, we measured aeolian transport rate at five distances from a wind tunnel sidewall using a vertically‐segmented sand trap. Total transport rates were determined by weighing the bed sediment before and after each experiment, and with and without a trap installed. The following results were obtained: (1) sand transport increased linearly with the distance away from the sidewall, and the appropriate location to measure maximum transport is within the central 20% of the wind tunnel; (2) current methods overestimate the sampling efficiency of sand traps when comparing trap data to transport rate data obtained by weighing sand moved through the entire tunnel because the effects of the sidewalls in decreasing total transport are neglected; (3) the efficiency of the vertically‐segmented trap that we tested ranged from 11.57% to 31.68% using our revised methods, whereas standard methods caused efficiency to be overestimated by 32–72% of the efficiency; (4) using either method, the efficiency of the trap increased exponentially with shear velocity for the range we used. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

前陆盆地斜坡带低幅度构造地球物理识别技术

为了有效识别前陆盆地斜坡带低幅度含油气构造,深入剖析了低幅度构造圈闭及油藏特征,围绕储层地震预测开展了针对性的地球物理识别技术研究.在南美西北部奥连特-马拉农盆地多个区块进行了储层的岩性、形态、物性及含油气性等方面的预测,形成了一整套基于高精度地球物理资料的低幅度构造和岩性圈闭识别和描述的精细地震解释技术.     

Reservoir-forming features of abiotic origin gas in Songliao Basin

The vertical structure of the crustal block of the Songliao Basin can be divided into upper, middle and low Earth’s crust according to density. There is an about 3-km-thick low density interval between the upper crust and the middle crust. This interval may be a magma chamber accumulated in crust by “fluid phase” which is precipitated and separated from upper mantle meltmass. The abiogenetic natural gas, other gaseous mass and hydrothermal fluids are provided to the Songliao rifted basin through crustal faults and natural earthquakes. This is a basic condition to form an abiogenetic gas reservoir in the Songliao Basin. On both flanks of the upper crust (or named basin basement) fault there are structural traps in and above the basement and unconformity surface or lateral extended sand, which contains communicated pores, as migration pathway and natural gas reservoir; up to gas reservoirs there is shale as enclosed cap rock, and the suitable arrangement of these conditions is the basic features of abiogenetic gas reservoir. Project supported by the National Natural Sc~ence Foundation of China.     

延吉盆地油藏上的放射性异常特征

放射性测量在油藏上的异常特征反映了油藏储层的特征,所以通过放射性测量可以指示油藏的有利位置,为油气资源的勘探与评价提供信息.从延吉盆地进行的瞬时氡气测量、土壤天然热释光测量及伽马能谱测量的综合曲线出发,分析了油藏上、圈闭边缘及外侧的放射性异常特征,从而得出在油层上放时性异常特征为放射性低值,在圈闭边缘以外其放射性异常特征为放射性高值,并通过已知井进行了检正.由此提出可在构造圈闭的有利地段,利用简便的放射性综合测量对延吉盆地的勘探布钻进行指导,从而对延吉盆地的油气资源作出评价.     

Towards dating Quaternary sediments using the quartz Violet Stimulated Luminescence (VSL) signal

Quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is widely used to determine the time of deposition and burial of Late Quaternary sediments. Application of the method is usually limited to the past 150,000 years due to early saturation of the OSL signal. Here we explore the potential to date Quaternary sediments using the violet (402 nm) stimulated luminescence (VSL) signal of quartz. We develop and test a new post-blue VSL single aliquot regenerative dose dating protocol, and demonstrate that the VSL signal originates from a deep trap at about 1.9 eV with a thermal lifetime of 10¹¹ years at 10 °C, and that this trap is bleachable by sunlight. The VSL signal grows with dose to ∼6400 Gy, a factor ∼20 higher than the conventional quartz OSL signal, and with the proposed protocol we recover a known dose of 1000 Gy in three out of four samples. The potential of the VSL protocol for dating Quaternary sediments is highlighted by its successful application to a suite of geological samples ranging in age between 13 and 330 ka. Based on our investigations, we propose that the VSL protocol has the potential to extend the quartz dating range to cover the full Quaternary.     

鞍型场对热带气旋移动路径影响的研究

鞍型场是一种特殊的流场,鞍点附近气压梯度很小,风场很弱,引导气流不明显。当热带气旋进入鞍型场时,会表现为停滞、打转、突然转向等异常路径。采用NCEP资料对2011年热带气旋"梅花"路径和大尺度形势场分析结果表明,在其整个生命史中出现三次移动路径转折,热带气旋进入鞍型场后,出现在鞍点附近停滞、移动缓慢、突然转向等异常路径。利用理想变形场和兰金涡旋相结合的鞍型场作为背景场,用梯度风平衡构造了理想热带气旋,分别考虑了科氏参数为常数和β平面近似两种情况,利用二维浅水模式对热带气旋处于鞍点和收缩轴附近不同位置的情况进行了数值对比试验。当科氏参数为常数时,处于鞍点位置的热带气旋在鞍点停滞;而当采用β平面近似时,处于鞍点位置的热带气旋向东北低压一侧移动,并和低压合并。当初始热带气旋处于鞍点南侧的收缩轴上以及偏东或偏西100 km时,会出现三种截然不同的移动路径。试验结果表明:鞍型场对热带气旋有"陷阱"作用。当热带气旋进入到鞍型场区并接近鞍点时,在β漂移和弱引导气流作用下,可能陷入鞍点附近区域,移动缓慢,出现异常路径,也可能沿着膨胀轴向偏东或偏西方向移动,使得热带气旋突然转向。热带气旋的移动对其和收缩轴的相对位置十分敏感,数十千米的偏差可能会导致截然相反的移动路径。     

CWHF型全自动集沙仪结构设计及应用性能野外验证

集沙仪作为一种风蚀研究装置,可直接和准确的测定风沙流中的输沙量和风沙流结构。为此,我们自行设计了一种全自动、高频风沙流采样器—CWHF全自动集沙仪,并通过与2 m高度风速和Sensit跃移撞击传感器的野外配合观测,对比分析其野外实地的应用性能。CWHF全自动集沙仪整体外形呈“L”状,其最大特点是集沙容器底部安装有高精度单点称重传感器,使其能够实现集沙累积值的实时高频测量及长时间的采样任务。在野外环境中对沙尘暴天气背景下的相关数据进行分析,发现CWHF全自动集沙仪的累积量和输沙通量均与风速和撞击颗粒数间有较高的一致性,其能够很好地捕捉沙物质的输移信息,野外应用效果良好。此外,通过其估算塔中流动沙面2015年5月18日和25日两次沙尘暴天气近地表100 cm高度内,宽度为100 cm的截面上的水平输沙通量分别为101.37 kg和110.83 kg。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中挥发酚的方法研究

文章研究了吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中挥发酚的方法,分析了吹扫捕集各参数对挥发酚测定的影响,优化了吹扫捕集条件和气相色谱-质谱条件.通过与索氏提取技术对比,证明吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法在实际样品检测中具有操作简便、分析周期短、试剂用量少、干扰小等优点,适用于测定沸点较低、溶解度较小的挥发酚,推荐选择经典的索氏提取技术测定沸点较高、溶解度较大的挥发酚.     

一种油气圈闭组合勘探优化计算方法

油气圈闭勘探以追求最小投入和最大利润为目的。针对在油气圈闭进行组合优化决策时缺少严格风险分析和经济效益评价问题,根据运筹学中最优化理论,在对圈闭进行合理地质储量计算和严格风险分析的基础上,建立了油气圈闭勘探风险与获取地质储量的组合优化模型,实现在满足特定约束条件达到效用最高,使整个圈闭勘探在风险与收益间达到平衡。即在一定风险范围内,获得圈闭组合的地质储量最大;在地质储量一定时,圈闭组合的风险最小。对东营凹陷等地区储备圈闭中的检测结果表明,该方法算法可靠,操作性较强,能为油气圈闭勘探决策提供科学的依据。