基于斜坡单元的山区城镇滑坡灾害易发性评价：以康定为例

山区地质灾害易发性评价对城镇地质灾害风险管理具有重要意义。本文以康定市为例,以斜坡单元为最小评价单元,选取高程、坡度、坡向、曲率、工程地质岩组、距道路距离、距断裂距离、距水系距离和斜坡结构等9个滑坡影响因子,根据各因子滑坡面积比曲线与证据权值曲线的突变点,划分滑坡影响因子二级状态,并对各影响因子进行相关性分析,剔除相关性较高的距道路距离因子,在此基础上,采用证据权模型进行滑坡易发性评价。对已有治理工程的斜坡单元,本文尝试利用折减系数法对其易发性进行进一步评价。结合现场调查,将研究区滑坡易发性程度划分为：极高易发、高易发、中等易发、低易发。评价结果表明,自然工况下极高易发区主要位于康定市炉城镇以及研究区北侧二道桥村一带,高易发区主要位于雅拉河、折多河与瓦斯沟河谷两侧,对治理工程所在的斜坡单元进行折减后,极高易发区面积由11.21%降至8.42%,滑坡比率由4.03降低至2.3,研究结果符合实际情况,模型精度达77.8%。评价结果较好地反映了康定市区的滑坡易发性分布情况,可为城镇精细化评价提供一定的参考依据。     

陕西省国有地勘单位改革发展刍议

党的十八届三中全会作出了全面深化改革的战略部署,国有地勘单位改革也随之进入攻坚期、深水区。如何借鉴经验教训,深化国有地勘单位改革,这值得深思。陕西省国有地勘单位在全国率先统一由事业单位改制为国有企业,在国有地勘单位改革中形成了"陕西模式"。本文概述了陕西省国有地勘单位改革发展历程,分析了在改革主导、管理体制、运行机制和变革途径等方面呈现的改革特点,梳理了在构建现代企业架构、激发市场化经营思维、拓宽服务领域、增强地勘企业经济效益和建实省级公益性地勘队伍等方面取得的改革成效。文章认为,当前市场环境、现有顶层设计以及自身发展基础等均不利于改制后的国有地勘单位发展壮大,国有地勘单位企业化改革的"陕西模式"面临升级。     

Emplacement of massive deposits by sheet flow

Turbidity current and coastal storm deposits are commonly characterized by a basal sandy massive (structureless) unit overlying an erosional surface and underlying a parallel or cross-laminated unit. Similar sequences have been recently identified in fluvial settings as well. Notwithstanding field, laboratory and numerical studies, the mechanisms for emplacement of these massive basal units are still under debate. It is well accepted that the sequence considered here can be deposited by waning-energy flows, and that the parallel-laminated units are deposited under transport conditions corresponding to upper plane bed at the dune–antidune transition. Thus, transport conditions that are more intense than those at the dune–antidune transition should deposit massive units. This study presents experimental, open-channel flow results showing that sandy massive units can be the result of gradual deposition from a thick bedload layer of colliding grains called sheet flow layer. When this layer forms with relatively coarse sand, the non-dimensional bed shear stress associated with skin friction, the Shields number, is larger than a threshold value approximately equal to 0·4. For values of the Shields number smaller than 0·4 the sheet flow layer disappeared, sediment was transported by a standard bedload layer one or two grain diameters thick, and the bed configuration was characterized by downstream migrating antidunes and washed out dunes. Parallel laminae were found in deposits emplaced with standard bedload transport demonstrating that the same dilute flow can gradually deposit the basal and the parallel-laminated unit in presence of traction at the depositional boundary. Further, the experiments suggested that two different types of upper plane bed conditions can be defined, one associated with standard bedload transport at the dune–antidune transition, and the other associated with bedload transport in sheet flow mode at the transition between upstream and downstream migrating antidunes.     

The pit-craters and pit-crater-filling lavas of Masaya volcano

Lava flowing into a pit crater will become entrapped to form an inactive lava lake. At Masaya volcano (Nicaragua) pit filling lavas are exposed in the walls of Nindiri, Santiago and San Pedro pits. Mapping of these lavas shows that fill can involve emplacement of both ’a’a and pahoehoe, with single fill units ranging in thickness from 2 to 22 m. Thick units with columnar joints were emplaced as simple inactive lava lakes during high effusion rate episodes. Sequences of thinner units, which can form pit floor shields or compound lakes, were emplaced at lower effusion rates. Lava withdrawal caused unsupported sections of three 20-m-thick units to subside, resulting in unit flexure and faulting, and viscous peeling features reveal that subsidence occurred while at least one unit was still partially molten. Where withdrawal has not occurred, fill sequences are flat lying and symmetrically distributed around the feeder structures (cinder cones and dykes). The filled Nindiri pit holds 5 × 10⁷ m³ of lava in a 215-m-thick sequence. Partial fill of Santiago pit with 1 × 10⁷ m³ of lava has filled the pit with a 110-m-thick lava sequence, of which ∼50% has been consumed by formation of a secondary pit. Altogether, 6.4 × 10⁷ m³ of lava was erupted into Nindiri and Santiago during 1525–1965, with 94% of this volume remaining pit-contained; the remainder forms a north flank lava flow field. Pit development and filling is a dynamic and ephemeral process, having short-lived effects on volcano morphology, where pits develop and fill over hours-to-centuries. However, pits play an important role in shaping an edifice, representing lava sinks and controlling whether lavas are trapped or able to spread onto the flanks.     

用于塔里木地壳构造成像的重力场谱矩方法研究

现代地壳探测取得的各种地球物理场中包含有大量地壳构造信息,如果提取这些信息,可以在数学物理普适规律指导下计算出关于地壳构造的图件.由于区域重力场的高阶谱矩包含了场轮廓面的几何信息,可用于地质构造要素的分析计算,为地质构造要素选取和定位的计算机自动制图提供理论依据.由地面布格重力场的二阶谱矩的统计不变量计算,可导出表征地壳变形带的脊形化系数,用于计算机自动制作区域地壳变形带分布图.脊形化系数强弱区的边界代表了活动的和稳定的构造单元的边界.在计算脊形化系数的基础上,还可进一步计算其二阶谱矩的统计不变量并作进一步增强处理,计算构造单元的边界系数,对地壳构造单元边界作连续和精细的追踪.文中介绍了脊形化系数和边界系数的计算方法,以及用在塔里木盆地进行地壳构造分析的结果.圈定了塔里木盆地深层满中高密度扰动带和满南、满北低密度扰动带,为深层油气勘探提供重要基础资料.     

多源信息多尺度视角的南京市街道级人口模拟研究

人口是重要的社会和生态环境因素,掌握人口信息有利于资源配置和环境管理。本文以南京市的街道级行政区域作为基本对象单元,分别从市级、市郊级和城市化度3个尺度,人口总量和人口密度2个方面,使用NPP/VⅡRS夜间灯光数据、大数据中的关注点POI数据、Landsat 8卫星OLI影像的建筑用地指数IBI,进行了人口模拟研究。结果如下：①在市级层面,人口密度模拟效果优于人口总量的,POI数据模拟效果最佳,确定性系数为0.87,其次是建筑用地指数0.81,夜间灯光数0.77;②在市郊级层面,郊区的人口密度拟合效果优于市区的;③在城市化度方面,中度城市化的街道人口密度与NPP/VⅡRS的幂函数关系最佳,确定性系数为0.99,低度和高度城市化的街道人口密度与POI的对数关系拟合效果相对好些,确定性系数分别为0.65和0.44;中度和低度城市化街道的人口总量与3个因素数据的多元线性回归模型效果最佳,确定性系数分别为0.91和0.78。结果说明中度城市化街道的人口模拟效果最好。本文研究拓展了城市人口估算的广度和深度,可为相关工作提供思路上的借鉴。     

利用手机信令数据刻画不同人物画像

本文基于微软亚洲研究院Geolife项目北京志愿者2007—2012年长时间尺度的手机信令数据,以个体为单元开展了出行类型和人物画像研究,提出了一种基于高簇聚类对用户轨迹类型进行划分,然后结合出行规律,综合考虑职业类型、年龄、爱好属性特征的人物画像刻画的方法.研究主要结论为:①本文划分了包括两点一线固定型、两点一线变化...     

论碰撞造山带的分类

近年来碰撞造山带研究取得了很大进展,为碰撞造山带分类奠定了基础。1992年,Sengor提出了一个三分法的分类。但是,这个分类不能涵盖所有的碰撞造山带,同时其内部还有重叠。本文主要依据参与碰撞的单元,即板块、微板块、前缘弧、残留弧和增生弧,提出一个新的分类方案,即将碰撞造山带分为陆-陆,陆-前缘弧,陆-残留弧,陆-增生弧,弧-弧,陆-弧-陆6种类型。从世界各地的碰撞造山带来看,陆-陆碰撞型是很少见的,也就是说,威尔逊旋回不论在现代还是古代地质历史上都是罕有发生的,而大多数碰撞造山带都是非威尔逊旋回型的。     

峡山湖沙坝的现代沉积

以现代沉积考察为基础,结合粒度分析资料,对湖泊中沙坝的沉积特征进行了详细的探讨。研究认为峡山湖沙坝微相分为坝前、坝主体、坝后3个沉积单元。坝前受湖浪作用明显,沉积物以湖浪作用形成的浪成沙和冲洗沙为主,发育滩脊和席状沙沉积体。坝主体沉积物以厚度较大、受湖水及风改造明显的中细沙为主,可进一步细分为坝-滩复合体和坝-沙丘复合体。坝后受坝主体阻隔,丰水期为局限湖湾沉积,枯水期发育沼泽沉积。湖泊中沙坝的形成是在滨浅湖环境中水动力和岸线、地貌等因素的影响下,受湖浪、湖流以及暴露环境下风的改造等共同作用的结果,湖浪所派生的沿岸流对沙坝的演化起着至关重要的作用;丰水期沙坝体接受湖水动力的改造,枯水期沙坝体接受风的改造。     

中国东部海区及邻域区域构造图的编制方法及地质构造单元划分

我国东部海区及邻域1:1 000 000地质地球物理系列图将于2008年底出版,区域构造图是其中的主要专业图件之一。讨论了该专业图件的编图方法、地质构造单元的划分方法和主要地质构造单元。首次对黄海东海区进行了全面剥皮编图,剥去了Q+N₂地层。对于沉积盆地用等厚度线表示出了新生界的厚度。地质构造单元划分方法是以板块构造理论为指导并以现今的构造特征为主要划分依据。板块内构造单元的划分是在总结国内外多种构造单元划分方法的基础上进行了修改完善,完成了对我国东部海区及邻域的地质构造单元的划分。区内一级构造单元为板块(太平洋板块、欧亚板块和菲律宾海板块),二级构造单元为构造域(东亚大陆构造域、东亚大陆边缘构造域和西太平洋构造域)。西太平洋构造域主要包括太平洋板块的西部及菲律宾海板块。欧亚板块在该区的部分可分为东亚大陆边缘构造域和东亚大陆构造域。东亚大陆边缘构造域由日本琉球岛弧、冲绳海槽弧后盆地、日本海弧后盆地等次级构造单元构成。东亚大陆构造域在该区内由中朝地块、扬子地块、华南地块等次级构造单元构成。各地块又可划分出盆地、隆褶带、隆起区等多个次一级地质构造单元。最低一级的地质构造单元为凸起和凹陷。