Ionic Liquid Modified Resin for the Adsorptive Removal of Dibutyl Phthalate: Equilibrium,Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

This study evaluated the adsorptive properties of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) modified XAD‐4 resin. The modified RTIL‐XAD 4 sorbent was characterized by FTIR. Effect of varying experimental conditions such as pH, contact time, temperature, shaking speed, concentrations, and interfering species were investigated by batch adsorption experiments. Adsorption was found to be most favorable at pH 6 within 30 min. Experimental data were evaluated in terms of kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic modeling. Kinetics of the sorption was found to follow pseudo second order rate equation whereas Freundlich and D–R isotherms were the most suitable models to explain sorption phenomenon. Thermodynamically sorption was endothermic, irreversible, and spontaneous in nature.     

气候变暖背景下祁连山区春季积雨云变化特征

利用祁连山区及其周边26个气象观测站1961-2005年春季云形状和气温观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、小波分析等方法,分析了祁连山区春季积雨云出现频率的空间分布与时间变化特征,探讨了与气候变暖的关系,并选用同期NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料,对祁连山区春季积雨云的环流特征进行分析。结果表明:① 祁连山区春季积雨云出现频率在20%～24%,为河西走廊和柴达木盆地的3～6倍,山区东、南侧多于西、北侧,与该区大气水汽含量分布呈现相一致。② 近45年来,祁连山区春季平均气温增温0.9 ℃,气温变化经历了低—高—低—高的4个变化阶段,气温变化的倾向率为0.18 ℃/10a。③ 近45年来,祁连山区春季积雨云出现频率与同期气温变化反相,经历了多—少—多—少4个变化阶段,总体呈弱的减少趋势,倾向率为0.2%/10a。④ 在25a时间尺度上,祁连山区春季气温和积雨云出现频率为反相位变化结构为主,表明在长期气候变化上,气温偏低时期对应积雨云出现偏多时期,气温偏高时期对应积雨云出现偏少时期。⑤ 祁连山区春季积雨云偏多与偏少年在欧亚500 hPa环流场上存在明显的差异,积雨云出现频次的多少是对欧亚500 hPa环流异常的响应。     

带有复合摩擦阻尼系统的基础隔震结构分析

针对常规摩擦阻尼器的起滑力难以确定的问题,提出了复合摩擦阻尼系统（CFDS）,它由非线性硬弹簧和摩擦阻尼器串联而成。当地震较小时,摩擦阻尼器处于附着状态,非线性硬弹簧发挥作用,防止隔震层位移过大;当地震较大时,非线性硬弹簧的变形则保持不变,摩擦阻尼器处于滑动状态,通过摩擦阻尼耗散能量。建立了带有复合摩擦阻尼系统的基础隔震结构的运动方程,指出摩擦阻尼器处于附着和滑移2种状态下边界条件。据此研究了常规强震和近断层脉冲型地震动作用下复合摩擦阻尼装置对橡胶隔震结构的减震效果。仿真分析表明：安装复合摩擦阻尼系统,在显著降低隔震层位移的同时,对上部结构的层间位移和加速度均有一定的减震效果;并且,在整个运动过程中,摩擦阻尼器会在附着和滑移2种状态之间来回切换。详细研究了复合摩擦阻尼系统的３个参数对隔震结构的减震效果。结果表明：在不同地震波作用下,由于摩擦阻尼系统参数的变化导致隔震结构地震响应的变化趋势是不同的,因此最优参数的取值与输入地震波类型和地面加速度峰值有关,并且不存在使隔震层位移和上部结构加速度同时达到最小的最优参数,因此需要设定合适的控制目标以确定适当的阻尼系统参数。     

四节点矩形弹簧元及其特性研究

弹簧元法是一种将单元离散为一系列弹簧的数值计算方法。不同的单元具有不同的离散方式,确定相应的离散弹簧的刚度系数表达式是弹簧元法的关键。将四节点矩形单元离散为6个基本弹簧,每个基本弹簧包括法向弹簧和切向弹簧两个派生弹簧,并用泊松弹簧和纯剪弹簧描述单元的泊松效应和剪切效应,用有限元的单元刚度矩阵标定各弹簧的刚度系数,实现了一种四节点矩形弹簧元的构造形式。该单元的同类弹簧具有相同的表达形式。法向与切向弹簧的刚度表达式中分别含有法向和切向弹簧刚度待定系数。通过改变待定系数的值可使该单元分别对应于有限元的常应变、双线性及Wilson非协调单元。将上述弹簧元方法进行理论推导,并应用于基于连续介质的离散单元法（CDEM）的核心计算进行简单算例验证,证明了提出方法的正确性。通过以上研究发现,四节点矩形弹簧元有以下特点：对于相同问题,不同单元有不同的计算精度;对于梁弯曲问题,应用该单元可显著提高离散单元法的求解精度;改变待定系数的值,可得到更高或者更低精度的单元。     

软土隧道横向抗震分析的简化响应位移法

响应位移法能够反映软土隧道在地震荷载作用下的动力反应特性,是一种简便实用的隧道抗震设计简化分析方法。以方形截面隧道为例,采用地层－结构整体动力有限元方法,验证了响应位移法的准确性与合理性;为了简化响应位移法的计算过程,基于平面应变假定,采用弹性理论的复变函数方法推导了土弹簧刚度的解析表达式,并与有限元解进行了对比分析。将土弹簧刚度的解析表达式应用到响应位移法的计算中,同时采用地层剪应力及自由场地震反应位移的简化计算模式,将简化后的响应位移法和整体动力有限元法进行了对比分析,验证了简化方法的可行性。     

填埋场排水层淤堵条件下渗滤液最高水位研究

在Rowe和Fleming提出的用以计算淤堵时间简化模型的基础上,针对填埋场排水层淤堵时空分布特征,合理地作了进一步假设和推导,得到了可以反映淤堵发展的简化模型,推导出了排水层渗透系数的变化规律。采用水量平衡的单元分析方法,建立了淤堵条件下最高水位计算模型,获得了排水层最高水位深度的计算方法,并与稳态、瞬态方法进行比较。结果表明,无淤堵时得到的结果与瞬态结果一致,且都趋于稳态结果;淤堵较严重时水位受到显著影响,必须考虑淤堵。通过参数分析发现,前期渗透系数越小（后期越大）、排水距离越长、入渗速度越快、离子浓度越高,则淤堵对水位的影响越严重,同时提出考虑淤堵条件下改进排水系统的设计建议。     

冰雹过程中闪电演变和雷达回波特征的综合分析

应用闪电定位网的资料和多普勒雷达资料,分析西北地区的降雹过程,详细讨论了2004年5月15日发生在兰州皋兰的一次降雹雷雨云的闪电演变、雷达回波特征和云特定参数之间的相互关系,对此雷雨云的闪电机制和电结构进行了分析推断。在皋兰产生降雹的个例分析表明,云中液态水含量是否出现高值区,是识别降雹开始的重要因子。在雷雨云移动路径上,总闪和云闪为线状分布,地闪集中分布在降雹区,云闪最多,地闪中绝大多数为负闪。综合计算降雹时段云参数分析表明,云中降水率和含水量对产生闪电相对敏感,推断这次雷雨云的电结构可能属于上正下负的偶极子型。     

Gravitational Sedimentation Behavior of Sensitive Marine Ariake Clays

It has been well documented that natural marine Ariake clays are sensitive clays. In this study, extensive data of marine Ariake clays are obtained to investigate the gravitational compression behavior for sensitive clays. Analysis results indicate that the compression behavior of remolded Ariake clays is not different from that of other remolded/reconstituted soils. But natural Ariake clays do not follow the gravitational compression pattern reported by Skempton (1970) Skempton, A. W. 1970. “The consolidation of clays by gravitational compaction”. In Q. J. Geol. Soc 373–411.  [Google Scholar] for natural sedimentary soils. At a given value of effective overburden pressure, the void ratios of natural Ariake clays are almost independent of liquid limits. Most natural Ariake clays lie above the sedimentation compression line proposed by Burland (1990) Burland, J. B. 1990. On the compressibility and shear strength of natural clays. Gèotechnique, 40: 329–378. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]. When the liquid limit is larger than 90% and the ratio of natural water content over liquid limit ranges 0.8–1.1, the natural Ariake clays lie around the sedimentation compression line. In addition, the natural Ariake clay with higher value of the ratio of natural water content over liquid limit lies above the natural Ariake clay with lower value of the ratio of natural water content over liquid limit. Salt removal is the most probable cause for such a phenomenon.     

济南泉域边界条件、水循环特征及水环境问题

济南泉域是市区泉水的汇流及蓄水范围,在其北部城区中心地带出露趵突泉、黑虎泉、五龙潭和珍珠泉四大泉群。为更好地保护和利用济南泉域内岩溶地下水,文章对济南泉域的边界条件、岩溶主径流通道、地下水循环特征及水质变化几个敏感问题进行探讨。利用泉群流量相关分析、流场特征分析、回灌补源分析及自备井调查等手段,重新界定了济南泉域的东边界,将其北部透水段向东扩展至原边界以东约4 km。通过对钻孔岩溶分层统计及缓冲区分析,在山前地带沿党家庄－十六里河－千佛山断裂泉城公园方向地下埋深100~150 m发现一条补给四大泉群的岩溶地下水集中径流带。研究发现,五龙潭和珍珠泉以深循环为主,补给主要来自岩溶地下水,而趵突泉和黑虎泉同时受深循环和浅循环影响较大,趵突泉主要补给来自西部和南部岩溶地下水和地表水,除此以外黑虎泉在东南方向上还有一定量的岩溶地下水补给。目前岩溶水水质变差,南部岩溶裸露区,尤其水库河道周边地带,生态环境亟待治理。      

Continuous-time monitoring of liquid water content in snowpacks using capacitance probes: A preliminary feasibility study

Liquid water in snowpacks rules wet snow avalanche formation, surface albedo and snowmelt runoff timing. By now, volumetric liquid water content (LWC) measurements are collected mainly with destructive methods, while continuous-time and non-invasive measurements would be preferable to track its time dynamics. Here, we assess the feasibility of continuous-time monitoring of LWC using EnviroSMART® capacitance sensors. These were conceived to track liquid water dynamics in soils, and their use in snow is evaluated here for the first time, as far as we know. A field case study was settled up in April 2013 within an Italian Alpine valley. An instrumental set up with eight capacitance sensors was installed. Two time-domain reflectrometers were added to the aim of comparison. To assist in interpreting the signal of the capacitance sensors, two laboratory tests were run, and a FEM model was implemented. This preliminary study demonstrates that capacitance sensors are sensitive to increasing LWC, although their long-term installation in snow entails the development of an air gap around them, due to localized melting, air turbulence and solar radiation absorption, which hinders following LWC variations. As a result, capacitance sensors readings are challenging to be interpreted quantitatively. Perspectives on future investigation are discussed to bring the proposed procedure towards long-term applications in snowpacks.