Stability and changes in astaxanthin ester composition from Haematococcus pluvialis during storage

In this paper, we investigated the effects of temperature, oxygen, antioxidants, and corn germ oil on the stability of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis under different storage conditions, and changes in the composition of astaxanthin esters during storage using high performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometry. Oxygen and high temperatures （22-25~C） significantly reduced the stability of astaxanthin esters. Corn germ oil and antioxidants （ascorbic acid and vitamin E） failed to protect astaxanthin from oxidation, and actually significantly increased the instability of astaxanthin. A change in the relative composition of astaxanthin esters was observed after 96 weeks of long-term storage. During storage, the relative amounts of free astaxanthin and astaxanthin monoesters declined, while the relative amount of astaxanthin diesters increased. Thus, the ratio of astaxanthin diester to monoester increased, and this ratio could be used to indicate if astaxanthin esters have been properly preserved. If the ratio is greater than 0.2, it suggests that the decrease in astaxanthin content could be higher than 20%. Our results show that storing algal powder from H. pluvialis or other natural astaxanthin products under vacuum and in the dark below 4~C is the most economical and applicable storage method for the large-scale production of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis. This storage method can produce an astaxanthin preservation rate of at least 80% after 96 weeks of storage.     

天然沉积饱和黏土渗透系数试验研究与预测模型

为研究天然沉积土的物理特性、结构状态与应力水平对其渗透特性的影响,采用固结渗透联合试验,对太湖湖沼相粉质黏土原状样与具有不同前期固结压力的重塑样的渗透系数变化规律进行了测定。原状样和重塑样的渗透系数均随固结压力的增大呈非线性减小,且两者的孔隙比与渗透系数的变化模式相一致;而前期固结压力仅影响渗透系数大小。试验结果表明：土体渗透系数随孔隙比的变化规律不受土结构性（颗粒间胶结作用）和应力历史的影响;对于同一土体,渗透系数大小主要由孔隙比决定,进而对试验和相关文献中不同土体渗透系数在压缩过程中变化规律进行了分析,建立了线性的lg(1+e)-lgkv渗透模型,并考虑了液限的影响,对渗透指数 的经验关系进行了修正,修正后的 计算结果更接近于实测值。研究结果对准确分析原位地基实际受荷过程中非线性固结性状具有重要意义。     

Optimum geometry of tuned liquid column-gas damper for control of offshore jacket platform vibrations under seismic excitation

In this study, the effectiveness of a tuned liquid column-gas damper, TLCGD, on the suppression of seismic-induced vibrations of steel jacket platforms is evaluated. TLCGD is an interesting choice in the case of jacket platforms because it is possible to use the structural elements as the horizontal column of the TLCGD. The objective here is to find the optimum geometric parameters, namely orientation and configuration of vertical columns, length ratio, and area ratio of the TLCGD, considering nonlinear damping of the TLCGD and water-structure interaction between the jacket platform and sea water. The effects of different characteristics of ground motion such as PGA and frequency content on the optimum geometry are also investigated and it is observed that these features have some influence on the optimum area ratio. Finally it is observed that pulse arrangement of ground acceleration is one of the most important parameters affecting the efficiency of a TLCGD. In other words, it is found that the TLCGD’s capability to reduce the RMS responses depends only on the frequency content of the ground acceleration, but its capability to reduce the maximum responses depends on both the frequency content and the pulse arrangement of the ground acceleration.     

干湿循环作用下高低液限黏土防渗性能对比研究

针对低、中、高3种干密度的低液限和高液限压实黏土,开展经历干湿循环过程的渗透系数和孔隙结构变化特征对比研究。结果表明：经3次干湿循环后,相同液限条件下,高压实黏土渗透系数增加比例高于低压实黏土;相同干密度条件下,高液限黏土渗透系数增加比例高于低液限黏土。干湿循环过程中,压实黏土孔隙结构损伤对渗透系数影响随着压实度和液限的提高而加大,而裂隙的发育对渗透系数影响随着压实度的增加和液限的降低而降低。干湿循环过程中低液限压实黏土试样只收缩不开裂,而高液限黏土裂隙发育明显,小尺寸渗透试样无法完全反映裂隙发育对渗透系数的影响,其渗透系数的变化更多是孔隙结构的变化所致,建议通过现场渗透试验或室内大尺寸渗透试验对干湿循环作用下不同液限黏土渗透系数的差异作进一步研究。     

建筑废渣-黏土混合料压实特性试验研究

将建筑废渣按一定比例与黏土掺合形成的渣土混合料用作填筑材料,具有显著的社会经济与环保效益。为了揭示渣土混合料的压实特性,利用击实试验研究渣料含量和初始级配对渣土混合料压实性能及颗粒破碎特性的影响。研究结果显示,与黏土相比,渣土混合料的最优含水率较低而最大干密度较高,尽管渣料的初始级配有所不同,渣土混合料的最优含水率随掺渣量的增加而减小,最大干密度随掺渣量的增加而先增后减,并存在着一个约为30%的最优掺渣量;击实作用下渣料颗粒的相对破碎率随掺渣量的增加而增加,与初始级配均匀的渣料相比,相同掺渣量下初始级配不均匀渣料的相对破碎率较小,但受渣料初始颗粒大小的影响不大;与初始较小颗粒渣料的混合料相比,初始较大颗粒渣料的混合料的最大干密度较大,表明宽级配的渣土混合料压实性能较好。渣土混合料的压实特性通过结合掺渣量、颗粒破碎特性与渣土混合料结构响应分析得到合理解释。     

硫酸钠盐渍土未冻水含量的实验研究

土体中的未冻水含量影响冻土的物理力学性质,也是评价冻土中水分迁移的重要指标.利用核磁共振技术对含有不同浓度硫酸钠溶液的兰州黄土的未冻水含量进行测试,并分析了温度、含盐量对未冻水含量的影响.同时,测试了不同含盐量下黄土的液塑限及液塑限含水率下土体的冻结温度,计算了不同含盐量下的未冻水含量并与实测值进行比较,给出了不同含盐量下幂函数方程w_u=at^-b中的参数值.在此基础上,分析了-5、-10、-15和-20℃条件下未冻水含量随含盐量的变化规律,建立了4个温度下不同含盐量区间的未冻水-含盐量拟合公式.     

活性MgO碱性激发粒化高炉矿渣固化黏土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀试验研究

通过系列室内试验,研究了硫酸盐长期浸泡环境下GGBS-MgO固化黏土的物理和力学性质及微观特征变化规律,并与水泥固化黏土进行对比,揭示了GGBS-MgO固化黏土抵抗硫酸盐侵蚀的机制。与水泥固化黏土相比,硫酸盐浸泡条件下GGBS-MgO固化黏土表面完整度较好;质量变化率在浸泡120 d时仅为水泥固化黏土的0.25倍;固化黏土体pH略小于同期水泥固化黏土;浸泡初期GGBS-MgO固化黏土强度增长达20%,同周期时无侧限抗压强度较水泥固化黏土高15%～80%。X射线衍射试验（XRD）表明,硫酸盐侵蚀下GGBS-MgO固化黏土中水化硅酸钙（C-S-H凝胶）的峰值高于水泥固化黏土,而钙矾石（AFt）的XRD图谱峰值明显低于水泥固化黏土。电镜扫描试验结果表明,两种固化黏土中钙矾石形态明显不同：钙矾石在水泥固化黏土中以团聚型晶体存在,可具较强膨胀性,而在GGBS-MgO固化黏土中则以细短形态分布于颗粒间,可有效填充试样孔隙,使其具备良好的抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力。     

羟基功能化离子液体体系用于盐湖卤水提硼

溶剂萃取法是目前工业应用前景广阔的盐湖卤水提硼方法,而萃取分离的核心在于萃取剂的选择.以异辛醇、羟基功能化离子液体1-羟乙基-3-甲基咪唑双(三氟甲磺酰)亚胺盐([HOEMIm]NTf2)按体积比混合组成萃取剂,乙酸丁酯为稀释剂,对东台吉乃尔盐湖酸化卤水进行萃取提硼的实验研究.对[HOEMIm]NTf2体积分数、相比、...     

南黄海辐射沙洲近岸海域波浪特性研究

Errors will be caused in calculating the fatigue damages of details in liquid cargo tanks by using the traditional spectral analysis method which is based on linear system, for the nonlinear relationship between the dynamic stress and the ship acceleration. An improved spectral analysis method for the assessment of the fatigue damage in detail of a liquid cargo tank is proposed in this paper. Based on assumptions that the wave process can be simulated by summing the sinusoidal waves in different frequencies and the stress process can be simulated by summing the stress processes induced by these sinusoidal waves, the stress power spectral density (PSD) is calculated by expanding the stress processes induced by the sinusoidal waves into Fourier series and adding the amplitudes of each harmonic component with the same frequency. This analysis method can take the nonlinear relationship into consideration and the fatigue damage is then calculated based on the PSD of stress. Take an independent tank in an LNG carrier for example, the accuracy of the improved spectral analysis method is proved much better than that of the traditional spectral analysis method by comparing the calculated damage results with the results calculated by the time domain method. The proposed spectral analysis method is more accurate in calculating the fatigue damages in detail of ship liquid cargo tanks.