Experimental and simulation studies on the role of fluid velocity during particle separation in a liquid–solid fluidized bed

The fluidization technique has been in use for particulate material processing operations for many years. It has been widely believed that the ratio of size and density of the particulate components controls the separation efficiency. In this paper, it is demonstrated that fluid velocity during fluidization could assume an overriding significance when an improvement in separation efficiency is required. This was at first experimentally established by analyzing simpler particulate systems, and later a simulation scheme was adopted to study a wider range of particulate systems. The numerical scheme known as the discrete element method (DEM), that incorporates both the solid- and hydro-dynamic components of the interactive forces, served as an important tool in understanding the separation behavior of binary particulate systems in fluidized beds. It has been established that mere fluidization does not necessarily guarantee an optimal separation, especially when the particles differ widely in density and size.     

Phosphatase activities in the waters of a shallow estuary,Western Australia

Phosphatase activities in a large, shallow estuary in south western Western Australia have been assessed. Differences were found in enzyme activities in the two sections of the estuary. There were seasonal and diurnal variations as well. Phosphatase activities were most closely correlated with chlorophyll and organic nitrogen concentrations. In diurnal studies, the rates of change of phosphatase activity corresponded with the rates of change in orthophosphate. The role of phosphatase activity in regeneration of esterified phosphorus in the estuary is discussed.     

青海茶卡盐湖石盐中流体包裹体记录的古气候信息

内陆干旱区形成的盐湖是研究过去气候变化的有效载体之一,而石盐中包裹体是揭示古气候的一种有效手段。青海茶卡盐湖是晚更新世晚期,逐渐演变形成的以石盐为主,固液相并存的综合性盐矿床。对茶卡盐湖钻孔样品中石盐的流体包裹体均一温度研究,揭示出从5ka 以来,盐湖水温总体上逐渐升高,从20℃～30℃升高到接近400℃,反映出古气候的温度是逐渐升高的,与全球变暖的总体趋势是一致的。研究表明,对石盐中原生单液相流体包裹体,采用冷冻-加热的方法测定均一温度,是获得盐湖古水温资料,进而恢复古气候变化的一种十分可信新手段,它在盐湖的研究方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

Properties of cloud and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau

The characteristics of seasonal precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) were investigated using TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) precipitation data(3B43). Sensitive regions of summer precipitation interannual variation anomalies were investigated using EOF(empirical orthogonal function) analysis. Furthermore, the profiles of cloud water content(CWC) and precipitable water in different regions and seasons were analyzed using TRMM-3A12 data observed by the TRMM Microwave Imager. Good agreement was found between hydrometeors and precipitation over the eastern and southeastern TP, where water vapor is adequate, while the water vapor amount is not significant over the western and northern TP.Further analysis showed meridional and zonal anomalies of CWC centers in the ascending branch of the Hadley and Walker Circulation, especially over the south and east of the TP. The interannual variation of hydrometeors over the past decade showed a decrease over the southeastern and northwestern TP, along with a corresponding increase over other regions.     

Comparison of cloud properties between cloudsat retrievals and airplane measurements in mixed-phase cloud layers of weak convective and stratus clouds

Cloud microphysical properties including liquid and ice particle number concentration (NC), liquid water content (LWC), ice water content (IWC) and effective radius (RE) were retrieved from CloudSat data for a weakly convective and a widespread stratus cloud. Within the mixed-phase cloud layers, liquid-phase fractions needed to be assumed in the data retrieval process, and one existing linear (p1) and two exponential (p2 and p3) functions, which estimate the liquid-phase fraction as a function of subfreezing temperature (from -20°C to 0°C), were tested. The retrieved NC, LWC, IWC and RE using p1 were on average larger than airplane measurements in the same cloud layer. Function p2 performed better than p1 or p3 in retrieving the NCs of cloud droplets in the convective cloud, while function p1 performed better in the stratus cloud. Function p3 performed better in LWC estimation in both convective and stratus clouds. The REs of cloud droplets calculated using the retrieved cloud droplet NC and LWC were closer to the values of in situ observations than those retrieved directly using the p1 function. The retrieved NCs of ice particles in both convective and stratus clouds, on the assumption of liquid-phase fraction during the retrieval of liquid droplet NCs, were closer to those of airplane observations than on the assumption of function p1.     

巴音戈壁盆地砂岩型铀矿找矿新发现与意义

砂岩型铀矿是全球最重要的铀矿类型之一,一般以表生流体的氧化还原成矿作用为主。虽然在勘查中发现部分砂岩型铀矿中存在热液流体活动的痕迹,但热液流体与铀成矿之间的关系仍不明确。本研究以巴音戈壁盆地下白垩统巴音戈壁组下段底部砂质砾岩中新发现的铀矿化为研究对象,通过镜下鉴定、电子探针(EPMA)、铀含量、铀价态和微量元素分析等手段,研究了铀矿石的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征。结果显示,铀矿化产出于巴音戈壁组下段的紫红色砂岩中,与不整合界面及次级断层有关;铀呈分散状态分布在胶磷矿中,并伴生有方铅矿、闪锌矿等金属硫化物;微量元素分析显示矿石中Sr、Y、Mo、W和REE等显著富集,指示其形成与深部流体密切相关。研究认为,苏红图组玄武岩喷发形成的火山热液在上升过程中与地表大气降水混合形成弱酸性氧化流体,流体沿不整合和断层向上运移并不断萃取地层中的U和P,当其遇到上覆巴音戈壁组砂砾岩中的菱铁矿等还原物质时,形成酸碱度和氧化还原接触界面,进而诱发铀、磷的沉淀。本次在新层位发现的铀矿化拓宽了巴音戈壁盆地铀矿勘查的找矿空间和方向。     

基于TC35的远程温度监测报警系统

针对日常生活中因对温度变化的忽视引起的各种问题,提出一种对温度进行远程监测并短信通知用户的系统,以达到向用户进行温度报警的目的。系统主要由STC89C52单片机,液晶显示器1602,温度传感器DS18B20,TC35模块4大部分构成,首先通过温度传感器DS18B20采集当前环境温度,然后利用液晶显示器1602将当前温度显示出来,与此同时单片机判断当前温度值,当前温度超过温度上限值时,单片机控制GSM模块向指定手机号发送一条短信。结果显示,当温度超过设定温度时,指定手机会收到一条报警短信,提醒用户当前的温度超过了温度上限。通过与传统的温度检测系统作对比,系统能够得到较准确的温度检测值其测温误差能够控制在0.4以下,并且通过发送短信来对温度进行远程实时监测。     

吉林西部盐碱农田有机碳矿化和激发效应对氮磷添加的响应

为了研究不同盐碱程度旱田和水田土壤有机碳（SOC）矿化对氮、磷添加的响应,定量化其激发效应的大小和方向,选择了吉林西部3块盐碱旱田样地（H1,H2,H3）和3块盐碱水田样地（S1,S2,S3）,采用实验室模拟培养,将无机营养素（（NH₄）₂SO₄、KNO₃和KH₂PO₄）以7种形式添加到0~15 cm表层土壤样本中,在25 ℃恒温箱内连续监测32 d的CO₂释放量,分析7种氮、磷添加处理对SOC矿化和激发效应的影响。结果表明：1）按7种处理形式分别添加200 mg/kg和1 000 mg/kg氮或磷,SOC矿化量和矿化速率均增加了158.5%~876.5%;同一添加物的质量分数越高,SOC矿化量越大,且随着培养时间延长,SOC矿化速率呈逐渐降低的趋势。2）在培养期间,各添加组均产生了正激发效应。3）在培养期间,部分处理组的SOC矿化、激发效应和碱化度表现出显著负相关性（显著性水平p<0.05）。碱化度越大,SOC矿化作用和激发效应越弱;矿化作用越大,正激发效应越低。4）与水田土壤相比,旱田SOC矿化和激发效应对添加氮、磷的响应更大。     

山区公路弃渣颗粒组成与休止角的统计分组特征及工程应用

山区公路土石混合弃渣颗粒组成的复杂性和人工堆积特征造成其工程特性难以准确测定和量化分类。利用工程大数据统计分析为量化分类提供标准和界限依据,细化弃渣分类为弃渣工程科学设计及安全防护提供支撑。依托山区高速公路多个核心弃渣场多部位多阶段土石混合弃渣的颗粒组成和天然休止角测量,形成土石混合弃渣基本特征大数据;利用工程数据统计分析山区公路弃渣的颗粒组成与休止角的分组特征,所得主要结论如下：（1）山区公路弃渣具有显著的分组特征,利用粗细比k将弃渣分为土类弃渣（k＜0.3）、土石混合弃渣（ k为 0.3～1.4）和石类弃渣（k＞1.4）。（2）山区公路土石混合弃渣细粒占比较低,以粗粒为主。弃渣粗细比为N（0.85,0.338 9）正态分布,休止角为N（37.64,3.057 8）正态分布,土类弃渣休止角＜32.6º,土石混合弃渣休止角为 32.6º～42.7º,石类弃渣休止角＞42.7º,分类及参数建议解决了取样代表性难题和结果离散性问题。（3）根据无黏性土边坡稳定性系数计算公式,结合弃渣分类和不同等级弃渣场安全系数标准,计算得到不同类弃渣控制坡率,土类弃渣控制坡率 ≤1:2,土石混合弃渣控制坡率 ≤1:1.75,石类弃渣控制坡率 ≤1:1.5,经跟踪检验,发现建议坡率下弃渣边坡中长期稳定可以得到有效保障。上述研究可以为山区公路弃渣场动态设计提供基础数据,具有较强的工程类比价值,有利于形成地区经验值。     

准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系煤生烃热模拟实验研究

采用黄金管-高压釜热模拟体系,开展准噶尔盆地南缘地区侏罗系八道湾组和西山窑组煤的生油和生气演化特征研究,对区域油气资源评价和油气资源研究具有重要意义。煤热模拟实验结果表明,准噶尔盆地南缘八道湾组煤生油潜力明显高于西山窑组煤,其生油高峰在R_o(镜质体反射率)=1.07%,最大生油产率的分布范围为60.13~83.27 mg/g,具有一定的排油能力;西山窑组煤生油高峰在R_o=0.96%,最大生油产率分布范围为27.14~62.14 mg/g,部分样品具有一定的排油能力。八道湾组煤和西山窑组煤生气能力接近且均较好,生气窗长。R_o为0.90%时,煤开始生气;R_o在1.07%~1.65%时,煤进入快速生湿气阶段,煤裂解气产量是最大产气量的50%左右;R_o达1.65%后,煤进入干酪根裂解生气阶段;R_o在3.60%时,煤生气基本结束,最大生气产率分布范围为92.23~141.26 mg/g。南缘西段艾卡构造带八道湾组煤层厚度为10~20 m,R_o在1.0%左右,处于煤生油高峰,生油量在57.10~81.19 mg/g,且煤具有有机碳含量高的特点,认为该区煤具有形成带气顶的油藏的潜力。准噶尔盆地南缘中段霍玛吐背斜带和昌吉—乌鲁木齐地区侏罗系煤层厚度大,最厚达60 m,烃源岩R_o在1.3%~2.0%之间,处于煤大量生干气阶段,生气量为60.21~104.27 mg/g,认为准噶尔盆地南缘中段煤具有形成凝析气藏和干气藏的条件。