Prediction of surface crown pillar stability using artificial neural networks

A relatively novel technique, artificial neural networks (ANN), is used in predicting the stability of crown pillars left over large excavations. Data for the training and verification of the networks were obtained from the literature. Four artificial networks, based on two different architectures, were used. The networks used different numbers of input parameters to predict the stability or failure of crown pillars. Multi‐layer perceptron networks using mine type, dip of orebody, overburden thickness, pillar thickness, pillar length, stope height, backfill height, Rock Mass Rating (RMR) of the host rock and RMR of the orebody showed excellent performance in training and verification. Adding three more variables, namely pillar width, rock density and pillar thickness to width ratio, showed symptoms of over‐learning without degrading performance significantly. Radial basis function networks were capable of predicting crown pillar behaviour on the basis of few input functions. It was shown that mine type, dip and pillar thickness to width ratio can be used for a preliminary estimation of stability. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅议地质勘查单位的资产重组

为适应建立市场经济体制的要求 ,广西地勘单位必须进行资产重组。要结合国家的产业政策 ,着力培育支柱产业和优势企业 ,把推进领导班子建设放在重要位置 ,在机构改革的关键时期实现平稳过渡     

基于巨厚岩层-煤柱协同变形的煤柱稳定性

采前煤柱稳定性研究是工作面冲击危险性评估和开采方案设计的关键。以山东某矿深井巨厚砾岩条件工作面开采遗留煤柱为背景,采用案例调研、理论分析、数值模拟和工程实践等方法,对巨厚岩层-煤柱协同变形机制及其煤柱稳定性进行了研究,建立了巨厚岩层-煤柱协同变形的简化力学模型,探讨了引起煤柱变形的主要应力来源和变形形式,推导了在协同变形条件下煤柱的应力-应变关系。以此为基础,综合煤柱煤体应力、围岩稳定性和变形特征等条件,提出了煤柱整体失稳的力学判据。研究结果表明：巨厚岩层-煤柱失稳诱发冲击与煤柱的位置、尺寸和上覆岩层运动或变形关系密切,上覆岩层运动或变形是诱发煤柱失稳的动力因素;巨厚岩层-煤柱的变形主要包括受集中力F压迫的协同挠曲压缩变形和受集中力G作用的重力沉降变形,二者保持内在协调性;巨厚岩层下煤柱整体失稳的工程判据为煤柱煤体平均支承应力p超过其平均极限支承强度Rc（p≥Rc）;评估得到遗留的50 m煤柱具有强冲击危险性,并通过优化开采设计,取得了良好的效果。该研究成果对相似条件煤柱留设及其稳定性分析具有参考意义。     

On the rheological characterisation of liquefied sands through the dam-breaking test

This paper concerns the rheological characterisation of liquefied sands as non-Newtonian Bingham fluids. For this purpose, dam-breaking laboratory tests are often executed and interpreted, offering a viable option to identify the properties of fluidised water-soil mixtures. However, limited attention has been devoted so far to clarify what variables and measurements would allow unambiguous calibration of Bingham parameters, namely, the viscosity η and the yield stress τ_y. The numerical results of parametric studies based on the particle finite element method (PFEM) are critically inspected to gain deeper insight into the problem. First, it is confirmed that multiple η − τ_y pairs may reproduce the same experimental evidence when formed by only one measurement—usually, the post–dam-breaking displacement of the bottom toe (tip) of the liquefied mass. Then, two alternative procedures are proposed for unambiguous identification of both η and τ_y: one is based on monitoring the evolving aspect ratio of the fluid mass during free, gravity-driven flow; the other relies on a slightly different dam-breaking test, also including impact against a rigid obstacle. In particular, the latter approach reduces the relevant duration of the test, reducing the possible influence of reconsolidation effects on the calibration of rheological parameters.     

综放工作面区段煤柱采动应力全周期时空演化分析

针对煤柱内部微裂纹萌生、变形破坏等潜在安全隐患,利用布里渊光时域反射(BOTDR)分布式光纤传感技术进行煤柱水平变形监测。首先,根据煤柱破坏碎胀特性理论分析,建立了光纤轴向应变与水平变形的转化方法;其次开展室内试验确定了金属基索状传感光纤轴向拉伸响应情况,并根据煤柱变形破坏规律修正了应变系数,最后以陕西大柳塔煤矿活鸡兔井为工程背景,对22206工作面区段煤柱水平变形实现现场监测。监测结果表明：区段煤柱采动侧和未采动侧存在明显的水平变形差异,采动侧变形量最大,约为未采动侧的5倍,但煤柱整体水平变形较小,仅出现弹性变形,煤柱较稳定;煤柱变形分区明显,呈现中部为弹性核区,两侧为塑性破坏区的分区特征;工作面从测点前20 m推进至测点后40 m时,煤柱水平应变呈指数增长,远离测点之后变形趋于稳定,反映煤柱变形与采动应力扰动之间的动态关联;通过分析煤柱水平应变与垂直应力,发现两者呈指数相关关系,定量建立了煤柱水平应变与垂直应力关系式,说明煤柱变形与破坏很大程度上取决于采动应力的分布与演化。利用BOTDR技术对区段煤柱内部变形进行监测可以精确获取区段煤柱内部的微观变形信息,对于煤柱留设尺寸确定、围岩控制及采空区压力评估等具有重要指导意义。

     

液化场地土中埋设管线的上浮反应分析

本文利用虚功原理,建立了液化场地土中埋设管线的上浮反应分析模型,考虑到土的非线性约束作用和管道的初始轴力的影响,采用非线性增量有限元法,分析了液化场地土中埋设管线的上浮反应,并给出了部分计算结果。     

Monitoring the performance of rock reinforcement

A rock mechanics program has been developed and implemented in order to achieve a safe and economical room and pillar extraction of the shallow dipping orebodies at the McArthur River Mine in Australia. Three closely spaced tabular orebodies have been targeted for extraction over the life of the mine and due to economics the lowermost number 2 orebody is being mined first. This paper formulates the calculation of the 2 Orebody hangingwall spans and the appropriate rock reinforcement design for the long-term stability of the room and pillar excavations. The field trials suggested that a rock beam was formed within the hangingwall of the room and pillar operations, arresting any vertical movement of the roof. The results indicated that the weight of the beam is transferred to the pillars via an arching process and there is no need for deep-anchored reinforcement.     

Yield pillars for stress control in longwall mines — case study

Summary The demand for increased productivity and the problems associated with mining at greater depths have increased the interest in using the yield pillar concept in the United States. This paper summarizes chain pillar behaviour in a mine that historically experienced coal bumps in both room-and-pillar and longwall sections. Results indicate that, generally, the chain pillars yield as designed, but that yielding occurred either after development or with approach of the longwall face. The Bureau of Mines investigated several yield pillar design approaches to possibly explain observed differences in pillar behaviour. These approaches suggest that very localized conditions, such as coal and rock properties, cover depth, and extraction height, may influence the behaviour of any one pillar. At this mine, yielding chain pillars result in de-stressing of the longwall entries and the transfer of potentially dangerous stress concentrations to adjacent panels. Pre-longwall-mining behaviour indicates the existence of a pressure arch, the width of which increases with depth. Results indicate that use of yield pillars improves stress control, reduces bump potential, and increases resource recovery.     

五家矿含水砂层下提高回采标高的可行性

通过对五家矿区水文地质条件、煤层顶板、岩石物理力学性质进行分析和研究,提出在五家矿区含水砂层下采煤可以缩小防水煤岩柱,从而提高回采标高。     

基于现场记录的液化和非液化场地加速度时频曲线对比分析

研究液化场地和非液化场地上地表地震加速度记录的时频曲线,提出频率下降率概念和计算方法,给出液化场地和非液化场地频率下降率的分界值。加速度时频曲线采用零交法进行分析,非液化场地包含软土场地和除去软土场地后的一般非液化场地。结果表明：①所定义的频率下降率的概念和计算方法,能够反映液化和非液化场地地表加速度时频响应特征和变化规律;②峰值前,在平均意义上液化场地与一般非液化场地平均频率相差不大,软土场地上的平均频率远小于一般非液化场地和液化场地;③峰值后,在平均意义上一般非液化场地加速度平均频率最高,软土场地居中,液化场地最低;④软土场地与液化场地峰值后平均频率范围有交叉,如以加速度时频曲线绝对变化量为判断标准,软土场地和液化场地会出现混淆;⑤液化场地和非液化场地的加速度频率下降率的分界值为0.5,以此可正确区分出液化场地与非液化场地以及液化场地与软土场地。