海南岛琼中黎母山—湾岭地区土壤重金属元素分布特征及生态风险评价

为了解琼中黎母山—湾岭地区土壤重金属元素分布特征及其潜在生态风险,采集了表层（0~20 cm）土壤样品2682件,对应中层（80~100 cm）及深层（180~200 cm）土壤样品各304件。分析测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As、Hg八种重金属元素。对8种重金属元素空间分布特征进行多元统计分析,并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对该区土壤重金属污染程度、生态风险进行评估。结果显示,表层土壤中8种重金属元素均值均高于海南岛土壤重金属背景值,表现出不同程度的积累;不同土地利用类型及种植类型对表层土壤重金属富集影响较大;垂向上,由表层至深层,土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni五种重金属元素含量依次降低,但差异不大;Cd、As、Hg在垂向上表现出明显的表聚性。Pearson相关性分析与因子分析结果显示,Cu、Cr、Ni主要受地质背景影响,其余5种元素均受地质背景及人为因素影响。地累积指数结果显示,8种金属元素均值除Hg（0.08）外,均小于0,总体为无污染-轻微污染;生态风险评价显示,Cd和Hg为主要危害元素,Cd以轻微-中等危害为主,Hg以中等-强风险为主,其余元素危害指数均为轻微级,96%的土壤总体潜在生态危害指数在中等以下。     

中国西北内陆干旱盆地地下水资源评估与开发

以多年的地下水勘查经验、成果为基础，总结西北内陆干旱盆地地下水资源评估与开发中的主要问题，分析了产生这些问题的客观和主观原因；认为地下水动态监测和水运行测量统计是实现逐步逼近地下水资源量的最有效方法；提出了开发地下水库，实施地表水、地下水联合调度，稳定供水，是西北内陆干旱盆地水资源开发的最佳模式。     

螺髻山北麓地下水化学特征与水质评价

为研究川西大凉山区螺髻山北麓地下水化学特征、演化机制以及评价地下水质现状,笔者系统采集研究区不同地段的15组地下水样品为研究对象。利用Gibbs图解法、离子比例系数法和基于RMSprop算法的BP神经网络评价法,探讨该地区地下水化学特征演化机制,评价地下水质现状,支持服务帮助当地合理开发和安全利用水资源。结果表明研究区水化学类型以Mg2+·Ca2+−HCO3–为主,其水化学离子的形成主要以岩土风化溶滤作用为主,由硅酸盐矿物与碳酸盐矿物共同控制,硅酸盐矿物控制更显著。结合地质背景,认为硅酸盐矿物主要来自火山碎屑岩类、花岗岩类、砂岩类和泥质岩类等岩石。利用BP神经网络对5000组地下水样本学习训练,对研究区样本进行评价,模型训练图像表明BP神经网络能很好拟合地下水样本训练集并且对测试集进行客观准确的判断。研究区地下水评价结果显示：Ⅰ类水质点占13.3%,Ⅱ类水质点占40%,Ⅲ类水质点占46.6%,整体水质较好,建议Ⅲ类水质地区普格县特尔果乡甲甲沟村、普格县特补乡白庙子需要加强地下水污染源调查以及水质保护。     

Time to talk knowledge

As part of the secondary school qualification repackaging, the Ministry of Education has requested the geography education community define what constitutes their “critical body of knowledge.” In this article, I discuss three knowledge‐oriented themes focused on: (a) recent assessment trends in geography; (b) the predictive value of NCEA Level 3 geography with 100‐level success and (c) the nature of knowledge as expressed by the New Zealand Curriculum and assessment. Taken together, these themes suggest a need for a serious conversation about knowledge in school geography, as a pre‐cursor to the re‐design of the geography standards matrix.     

青海玛多7.4级地震烈度快速评估

利用青海地震烈度衰减模型和基于断层最短距离的地震动参数衰减模型对青海玛多7.4级地震的烈度分布进行快速评估,将评估结果与实际烈度图对比分析.研究结果表明:两种模型可以在地震正式速报后1分钟内得到地震烈度分布的快速评估结果,时效性强,可以在最短的时间内为应急指挥和救援工作提供参考;青海地震烈度衰减模型计算结果比较理想化,...     

Analysis of seabed instability using element free Galerkin method

Wave-induced seabed instability, either momentary liquefaction or shear failure, is an important topic in ocean and coastal engineering. Many factors, such as seabed properties and wave parameters, affect the seabed instability. A non-dimensional parameter is proposed in this paper to evaluate the occurrence of momentary liquefaction. This parameter includes the properties of the soil and the wave. The determination of the wave-induced liquefaction depth is also suggested based on this non-dimensional parameter. As an example, a two-dimensional seabed with finite thickness is numerically treated with the EFGM meshless method developed early for wave-induced seabed responses. Parametric study is carried out to investigate the effect of wavelength, compressibility of pore fluid, permeability and stiffness of porous media, and variable stiffness with depth on the seabed response with three criteria for liquefaction. It is found that this non-dimensional parameter is a good index for identifying the momentary liquefaction qualitatively, and the criterion of liquefaction with seepage force can be used to predict the deepest liquefaction depth.     

碎石桩加固冷却塔地基效果的检测技术与质量评价

介绍了安阳电厂冷却塔碎石桩复合地基静载、动力触探、瑞利波法系列原位试验。根据试验结果，对冷却塔地基加固与改良效果及施工质量进行了评价。     

Risk assessment of TBT in the Japanese short-neck clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) of Tokyo Bay using a chemical fate model

A risk assessment of Tributyltin (TBT) in Tokyo Bay was conducted using the Margin of Exposure (MOE) method at the species level using the Japanese short-neck clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. The assessment endpoint was defined to protect R. philippinarum in Tokyo Bay from TBT (growth effects). A No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) for this species with respect to growth reduction induced by TBT was estimated from experimental results published in the scientific literature. Sources of TBT in this study were assumed to be commercial vessels in harbors and navigation routes. Concentrations of TBT in Tokyo Bay were estimated using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model, an ecosystem model and a chemical fate model. MOEs for this species were estimated for the years 1990, 2000, and 2007. Estimated MOEs for R. philippinarum for 1990, 2000, and 2007 were approximately 1–3, 10, and 100, respectively, indicating a declining temporal trend in the probability of adverse growth effects.A simplified software package called RAMTB was developed by incorporating the chemical fate model and the databases of seasonal flow fields and distributions of organic substances (phytoplankton and detritus) in Tokyo Bay, simulated by the hydrodynamic and ecological model, respectively.     

柴达木盆地尕斯库勒盐湖区盐生植物吸盐效应及其耐盐性评价<sub><sup> </sup></sub>

本项研究选取柴达木盆地尕斯库勒盐湖区作为研究区,筛选出了9种优势盐生植物,开展了盐生植物生长区土体颗粒、容重、含水量等物理性质指标,以及土体中HCO<sub>3</sub><sub><sup>-</sup></sub>、Cl<sub><sup>-</sup></sub>、SO<sub>4</sub><sub><sup>2-</sup></sub>、K<sub><sup>+</sup></sub>、Na<sub><sup>+</sup></sub>、Ca<sub><sup>2+</sup></sub>和Mg<sub><sup>2+ </sup></sub>7种易溶盐离子含量试验测试,分析了区内芦苇、海韭菜等9种盐生植物茎叶和根系部分HCO<sub>3</sub><sub><sup>-</sup></sub>、Cl<sub><sup>-</sup></sub>等7种易溶盐离子含量及其分布规律。在此基础上,探讨了区内9种盐生植物对易溶盐离子吸收作用及其差异性;采用盐生植物地上茎叶部分K<sub><sup>+</sup></sub>/Na<sub><sup>+</sup></sub>值结果,定量评价了区内9种盐生植物耐盐性及变化规律,结果表明,区内9种盐生植物茎叶部分K<sub><sup>+</sup></sub>/Na<sub><sup>+</sup></sub>比值,其由大至小依次为：小花棘豆0.84、羊齿天门冬0.58、白刺0.55、盐地风毛菊0.52、海韭菜0.50、无脉苔草0.47、洽草0.41、芦苇0.39和赖草0.34。本项研究结果,利用为尕斯库勒湖区及其周边地区,利用盐生植物有效改良土壤盐渍化方面提供理论支撑。     

可液化土中地铁结构的地震响应

在饱和土耦合作用与土和结构相互作用理论基础上,以地铁车站为例,用有限元法研究地下结构在地震液化作用下的响应。所采用的软件为动力两相体非线性有限元软件Dyna-Swandyne-II,该软件可以应用先进的Pastor-Zienkiewicz III广义塑性模型模拟可液化土的动力特性,应用u-p形式的Biot方程,在有限元分析中充分考虑孔隙水与土之间的耦合,同时考虑地下结构与饱和土在动力作用下的非线性相互作用。分析了地铁车站的动力响应,包括地铁内力、加速度以及地铁位移。研究结果表明,地铁结构在地震液化作用下会产生较大的上浮,从而对结构造成比较严重的破坏;地铁结构在地震作用下的最大内力位于结构的交接处。因此,结构交接处的配筋应该格外小心。