Changes in potential evapotranspiration and surface runoff in 1981–2010 and the driving factors in Upper Heihe River Basin in Northwest China

Changes in potential evapotranspiration and surface runoff can have profound implications for hydrological processes in arid and semiarid regions. In this study, we investigated the response of hydrological processes to climate change in Upper Heihe River Basin in Northwest China for the period from 1981 to 2010. We used agronomic, climatic and hydrological data to drive the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model for changes in potential evapotranspiration (ET₀) and surface runoff and the driving factors in the study area. The results showed that increasing autumn temperature increased snow melt, resulting in increased surface runoff, especially in September and October. The spatial distribution of annual runoff was different from that of seasonal runoff, with the highest runoff in Yeniugou River, followed by Babaohe River and then the tributaries in the northern of the basin. There was no evaporation paradox at annual and seasonal time scales, and annual ET₀ was driven mainly by wind speed. ET₀ was driven by relative humidity in spring, sunshine hour duration in autumn and both sunshine hour duration and relative humility in summer. Surface runoff was controlled by temperature in spring and winter and by precipitation in summer (flood season). Although surface runoff increased in autumn with increasing temperature, it depended on rainfall in September and on temperature in October and November. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Introducing a new conceptual instantaneous unit hydrograph model based on a hydraulic approach

ABSTRACT

A novel approach is introduced for simulation of instantaneous unit hydrographs (IUHs). The model consists of a series of linear reservoirs that are connected to each other, and is referred to as the inter-connected linear reservoir model (ICLRM). By assuming the flow between two reservoirs is a linear function of the difference between the water levels in the reservoirs, a system of first-order linear differential equations is obtained as the ICLRM governing equation. By solving the equations, the discharge from the last reservoir is considered as an IUH. A small-scale laboratory device was constructed for the simulation of IUHs using the model. By studying four hydrographs extracted from the literature, and simulating them using both the ICLRM and the Nash model, it is concluded that the ICLRM can predict these hydrographs more accurately than the Nash model. Due to the simplicity of the construction and operation of the ICLRM and, more importantly, its visual aspect, the ICLRM may be considered as an effective educational tool for studying IUHs.     

基于等价权抗差估计和线性规划的天线曲面拟合算法

现有天线曲面拟合算法均基于最小二乘法,难以消除多个粗差对拟合结果的影响。本文基于等价权抗差估计思想,利用线性规划计算残差初值,再进行选权迭代计算。通过算例,证明本文方法能较好地探查多个粗差,且计算结果精度更高。     

线图形简化与移位算子的协同方法

在地图综合过程中,线的图形简化和移位算子通常是分别执行的,图形简化和移位有时都会产生新的空间冲突。本文试图把这两种算子进行协同,避免在地图综合过程中进行空间冲突的多次探测,提高地图综合数据处理的效率。本文通过把线图形简化转换为线上的点移位,并构建邻近地图目标之间的移位传播路径,在考虑空间上下文关系和地图感受规则的前提下,使移位过程能考虑到线图形简化,并尽量保持有关地图目标的空间特征。最后,以道路和其周边的建筑物群为例,验证了该算法的有效性和可行性。     

Application of Linear Mean-Square Estimation in Ocean Engineering

The attempt to obtain long-term observed data around some sea areas we concern is usually very hard or even impossible in practical offshore and ocean engineering situations. In this paper, by means of linear mean-square estimation method, a new way to extend short-term data to long-term ones is developed. The long-term data about concerning sea areas can be constructed via a series of long-term data obtained from neighbor oceanographic stations, through relevance analysis of different data series. It is effective to cover the insufficiency of time series prediction method’s overdependence upon the length of data series, as well as the limitation of variable numbers adopted in multiple linear regression model. The storm surge data collected from three oceanographic stations located in Shandong Peninsula are taken as examples to analyze the number-selection effect of reference oceanographic stations (adjacent to the concerning sea area) and the correlation coefficients between sea sites which are selected for reference and for engineering projects construction respectively. By comparing the N-year return-period values which are calculated from observed raw data and processed data which are extended from finite data series by means of the linear mean-square estimation method, one can draw a conclusion that this method can give considerably good estimation in practical ocean engineering, in spite of different extreme value distributions about raw and processed data.     

Application of Geochemistry and VNIR Spectroscopy in Mapping Heavy Metal Pollution of Stream Sediments in the Takab Mining Area, NW of Iran

This study considered the possibility of using visible and near infrared (VNIR) spectral absorption feature parameters (SAFPs) in predicting the concentration and mapping the distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Takab area. In total, 60 sediment samples were collected along main streams draining from the mining districts and tailing sites, in order to measure the concentration of As, Co, V, Cu, Cr, Ni, Hg, Ti, Pb and Zn and the reflectance spectra (350–2500 nm). The quantitative relationship between SAFPs (Depth500nm, R610/500nm, R1344/778nm, Area500nm, Depth2200nm, Area2200nm, Asym2200nm) and geochemical data were assessed using stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and enter multiple linear regression (EMLR) methods. The results showed a strong negative correlation between Ni and Cr with Area2200nm, a significant positive correlation between As and Asym2200nm, Ni and Co with Depth2200nm, as well as Co, V and total values with Depth500nm. The EMLR method eventuated in a significant prediction result for Ni, Cr, Co and As concentrations based on spectral parameters, whereas the prediction for Zn, V and total value was relatively weak. The spatial distribution pattern of geochemical data showed that mining activities, along with the natural weathering of base metal occurrences and rock units, has caused high concentrations of heavy metals in sediments of the Sarough River tributaries.     

矿石体重回归分析在新疆乌宗布拉克矿区的应用研究

在资源储量估算的过程中,矿石小体重的准确与否将直接影响到资源储量估算的客观程度。对矿石小体重的准确预测将需要通过大量的统计分析工作,传统的方法是利用矿石小体重的算术平均值进行估算矿床资源储量,并没有考虑到多矿种对矿石小体重的影响程度。本文利用Excel软件"数据分析"的"回归"功能模块,对实验室所测定的矿石小体重值与其对应品位进行二元线性回归分析,快速、准确地构建矿石体重与其品位的数学模型,从而为资源储量估算提供了更客观、更科学的矿石体重模型。     

川东北普光地区深层富钾卤水钾资源提取研究

四川盆地地下卤水资源丰富,尤其川东北地区地下卤水富含高品质钾资源。本项目以四川普光地区富钾卤水为研究对象,根据卤水组成,采用模拟计算并结合实验验证的方法,研究了高温蒸发时,氯化钠、氯化钾、光卤石、硼酸等矿物的析出阶段及特点。研究结果表明,当蒸失水率约80%时,体系中约85%的NaCl析出,同时KCl达到饱和,继续蒸发可获取钾石盐。控制总蒸失水率94%~95%时分离,体系中大于80%的钾可在这一阶段析出,且湿基中KCl品位可高达约45%;析出钾石盐后的卤水降至室温可获得NaCl、KCl、KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O及H₃BO₃的混合物,硼的析出率可达到约80%。同时,研究表明,将蒸失水率约80%时分离石盐后的卤水直接降温可以获得湿基品位约高达70%的钾石盐矿,钾析出率约50%。综合对比分析,提出两条以钾资源开发为主的工艺路线:其一为“高温蒸发析氯化钠-高温蒸发析氯化钾-冷却析钾硼混盐”,通过加工获得KCl及H₃BO₃产品;其二为“高温蒸发析氯化钠-冷却析钾”,通过加工获得高端KCl产品。     

青海黄南地区近54年蒸发量变化特征及其影响因子

利用青海省黄南地区近54a(1960—2013年)蒸发量、气温、降水量、日照时数、水汽压等资料,应用地理信息系统、数理统计、线性回归和Mann-Kendall检验等方法分析了黄南地区蒸发量的空间及时间变化趋势,并对黄南地区蒸发量变化特征及其影响因子进行了诊断研究。结果表明:黄南地区年平均蒸发量呈明显的下降趋势,20世纪60—70年代为蒸发量偏多阶段,80年代及后为偏少阶段;黄南地区蒸发量最大的季节是春季和夏季,各季蒸发量均呈减少趋势;黄南地区年蒸发量在1973年发生了由多到少的突变,春、夏、秋、冬季分别发在1973、1975、1976和1974年;分析影响蒸发量的相关因子,蒸发量与日照时数呈显著的正相关关系,与水汽压和降水量呈显著的负相关关系,日照时数的减小是蒸发量减少的主要影响因子。     

中国夏季风影响过渡区与其他地区蒸发皿蒸发量趋势相反的原因

夏季风影响过渡区是天气和气候的敏感区,随着全球和区域的变暖,该区域特殊的气候环境响应引起人们重点关注。以南昌、定西、乌鲁木齐作为夏季风影响区、夏季风影响过渡区以及非夏季风影响区的代表站,通过对比中国夏季风影响过渡区和其他地区50年来温度、日照时数、相对湿度、降水量、低云量、风速的变化趋势,以及分析各气象因子单独变化对蒸发皿蒸发量的影响,发现在夏季风影响过渡区各个气象因子的变化均使蒸发皿蒸发量增加,而在其他地区,只有温度变化会使蒸发皿蒸发量增加,其他各因子的变化均会造成蒸发皿蒸发量的下降。贡献度更直观的反映各气象因子对不同地区蒸发皿蒸发的作用。结果表明温度变化对夏季风影响过渡区蒸发皿蒸发变率的贡献最大,贡献度为48.93%。风速变化对夏季风影响区蒸发皿蒸发变率的贡献最大,贡献度为51.54%。降水变化对非夏季风影响区蒸发皿蒸发变率的贡献最大,贡献度为58.57%。此外,低云量的变化对夏季风影响过渡区、夏季风影响区和非夏季风影响区的贡献均达到20%以上。因此,不同地区影响蒸发皿蒸发的最主要的因子是不同的,但低云量对任何地区蒸发皿蒸发的影响都非常重要。