节点相似度辅助下的线要素匹配方法设计

同名要素匹配是空间数据集成、更新和融合的关键技术。针对要素匹配中不同尺度数据构成差异但拓扑结构相似的问题,本文提出一种基于节点相似度的线要素匹配方法。该方法以线要素节点为主要特征,选取了方向、距离等相似性度量指标,并构建了拓扑、方向和距离三类约束,在此基础上,设计了一种基于拓扑关系和空间位置的匹配模型,实现了线要素特征点的相似性匹配。采用大规模道路网进行试验,试验结果表明,该方法切实可行,能够有效解决复杂线要素匹配问题。     

利用最小一乘法改进的灰色模型的导航卫星钟差预报

在卫星钟差波动较大的情况下,为了克服基于最小二乘法估计灰色模型参数对卫星钟差预报精度的不足,本文利用最小一乘法对传统灰色模型进行了改进。在建模的过程中,采用以误差绝对值之和最小为优化原则,针对目标函数不可微的特点,运用线性规划的方法对灰色预报模型的模型参数进行了估计。此外,将改进后的预报模型应用到卫星钟差波动较大情况下钟差的预报中,并将预报结果与传统灰色模型的预报结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：在卫星钟差波动较大的情况下,该方法相比传统灰色模型的预报结果有显著改善,为高精度的卫星钟差预报提供了一种新思路。     

土地调查线状地物与图斑逻辑一致性缺陷修正方法

土地调查数据中部分线状地物与图斑存在逻辑一致性缺陷,造成图斑地类面积计算错误。为解决上述问题,本文对土地调查数据线/面逻辑关系进行研究,归纳了线状地物跨越图斑的缺陷类型;并对其成因和影响进行分析,设计了一种通过增量更新进行缺陷修正的方法。该方法不影响地类流量分析,能够较好地维护年度间统计结果的一致性,易于实现缺陷修正的自动化处理,并利于数据回溯。通过土地变更调查国家级数据库质量检查工作实践表明,本文提出的方法有助于提升数据检查的效率,具有较好的实用价值。     

水平非均匀性蒸发波导诊断及其对雷达探测的影响

蒸发波导是发生在海气边界层的一种异常折射现象,因为其分布广、发生概率大,所以被认为是对海上电子装备影响最为显著的波导类型。然而由于其形成机制复杂,且在近岸地区存在水平不均匀性,使得目前非均匀蒸发波导的诊断及其应用还未能落实到实际工作中。针对这一现状,首先利用G L Geernaert的方法修正了Monin-Obukhov相似理论,将其扩展到海洋大气表面边界层不均匀条件下;其次在Babin模式的基础上引入张强普适函数的非线性修正因子与阵性风速,从而将蒸发波导诊断模式的适用范围拓展到近海沿岸地区和甚低风速条件下。并在此基础上研究了蒸发波导水平非均匀性对雷达探测的影响,得到了水平非均匀蒸发波导能够改变均匀波导环境下雷达的探测距离及其盲区的分布。     

多时相TM影像相对辐射校正研究

多时相影像对应波段中地物波谱“准”不变特征点(Pseudo-Invariant Features,PIFs)的选取是相对辐射校正的前提,采用目视解译选取主观性较强,在一定程度上影响了校正精度。利用绍兴试验区两时相TM影像,通过样本点间差异阈值,主成份分析和回归分析方法控制选取影像对应波段间的PIFs,使得校正样本点的选取具有客观性。在此基础上获取增益和偏移量并对两时相影像进行相对辐射校正,取得了较好的校正效果,从而有利于土地利用/覆盖变化监测。     

The use of bromide and chloride mass ratios to differentiate salt-dissolution and formation brines in shallow groundwaters of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

In the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, the petroleum industry handles two geochemically distinctive brines that are traceable in the environment: formation brines extracted along with hydrocarbons from the basin, and salt-dissolution brines, produced by dissolving deep halite formations to create caverns for petroleum product storage. The concentrations of the conservative ions chloride (Cl) and bromide (Br) in many formation brines plot closely to the seawater evaporation trajectory of previous studies. These brines contain Cl/Br mass ratios of around 300, while salt-dissolution brines are relatively Br depleted, having Cl/Br mass ratios in excess of 20,000. An oilfield site in central Alberta had experienced nearby releases of both salt-dissolution and formation brines. Geochemical mixing trends were defined by theoretically mixing samples of local salt-dissolution and formation brine sources with background shallow groundwater. Most site monitoring wells and local surface water samples plotted directly on a salt-dissolution brine dilution trend, while results from four monitoring wells, all located directly downgradient of formation brine spills, suggested the mixing of formation brines into shallow groundwater. This work indicates that there is a large-scale salt-dissolution brine plume beneath the site and reinforces the use of Cl and Br concentrations and mass ratios as environmental tracers.     

石油与天然气定量评价的体积统计法（续）

多元线性回归方法的可靠性如何呢?上述研究者以美国的二叠系盆地为评价对象,对该方法进行验证,所取得的结果是令人满意的,和其它方法所得的结果很接近。     

Hydrological modelling using data from monthly GCMs in a regional catchment

This study demonstrates the use of spatially downscaled, monthly general circulation model (GCM) rainfall and temperature data to drive the established HyMOD hydrological model to evaluate the prospective effects of climate change on the fluvial run‐off of the River Derwent basin in the UK. The evaluation results of this monthly hydrological model using readily available, monthly GCM data are consistent with studies on nearby catchments employing high‐temporal resolution data, indicating that useful hydro‐climatic planning studies may be possible using standard datasets and modest computational resources. HyMOD was calibrated against 5 km² gridded UK Climate Projections dataset data and then driven using monthly spatially interpolated (~5 km²) outputs from Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 and the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (IPCC‐SRES) A2a and B2a covering the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s. Results for both GCMs project a decrease in annual run‐off in both GCM models and scenarios with higher values in the summer/autumn months, whereas an increase in the later winter months. Both Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 and the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis show higher ranges of uncertainty during the winter season with higher values of run‐off associated with December in all three simulation periods and two scenarios. A seasonal comparison of run‐off simulations shows that both GCMs give similar results in summer and autumn, whereas disparities due to GCM uncertainties are more conspicuous in winter and spring. In this study, both the GCMs under A2a scenario have demonstrated the high possibility of time shift in monthly average peak run‐offs in the Derwent River by 2080s in comparison with the early 21st century. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

带乘性噪声系统在加性噪声相关时的最优固定域平滑及反褶积算法

最优平滑及最优反褶积在石油地震勘探、通讯工程、语音处理等应用领域都具有十分重要的意义。以往的带乘性噪声系统的平滑及反褶积大都对系统模型的噪声特性有着较强的限制条件 ,要求动态噪声及观测噪声互相独立或只能在同时刻相关。该文给出了一种在动态噪声为有色噪声及动态噪声和量测噪声在有限时间段上相关的情形下带乘性噪声系统的固定域平滑及反褶积算法 ,该算法在线性最小方差意义下是最优的。通过仿真计算 ,说明了该算法的有效性。     

增长曲线模型非齐次线性估计的可容许性

本文讨论了增长曲线模型中回归矩阵的函数的估计 ,在矩阵损失下 ,作者得到了非齐次线性估计在非齐次线性估计类中可容许的充要条件。